Oil  Prospecting 
Drilling  and 
Extraction 


F.  J.  S.  SUR,  E.  M. 

Petroleum  Geologist 


GIFT   OF 
Mrs.    W.    Barstow 


MINING  OEPI, 


Oil  Prospering,  Drilling 
and  Extraction 


BY 


F.  J.  S.  SUR,  E.  M. 

Petroleum  Geologist 
CALGARY,  CANADA 


PRICE,    $2.00 

t  C     <i  +  3 


COPYRIGHT  1914 

F.  J.  S.  9'JK,:^:  V. 


^i 


WINING  DEPI, 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Oil  Formation 5 

Varieties   of  Oil,  How   It  Is  Formed  and  Formations   in   Which 

It  Occnrs 14 

How  the  Geologist  Works 16 

Drilling  Methods  18 

Drilling   Don'ts 23 

Some  Reasons  for  Decline  in  Production  , 24 

Reasons  for  Non-Production 25 

Logs  of  Wells 26 

Alberta   Formations 27 

Oil  from  Alberta  Fields  Is  Phenomenal  in  Value 28 

Field  Equipment  for  Prospecting 31 

The  Compression  of  Natural  Gas  to  Gasoline 33 

Deepest   Wells 35 

Summary    of   Oil    Occurrence    in    the    Principal    Fields    of   North 

America 36 

OIL   FIELDS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 37 

Allegheny 39 

Texas 41 

California    43 

Mexico 45 

M98482 


Page 

Material  for  Standard  82-ft.  Derrick,  20-ft.  Base 51 

Standard  Cable  Tool  Equipment 53 

Rotary  Drilling1  Equipment   60 

Fittings  to  Connect  up  Pump  and  Engine 61 

Extra  Rotary  Parts 62 

Extra  Line  Shaft  Parts  62 

Extra  Swivel   Parts   62 

List  of  Standard  Tools,  Which,  Added  to  Rotary  Outfit,  Completes 

a  Combination  Outfit  ..  63 


PREFACE. 


For  the  man  who  desires  to  know  how  oil  is  found,  the  geological 
formations  in  which  it  is  found  and  the  methods  that  are  used  in  its 
development  and  extraction  this  book  has  been  prepared. 

In  the  mining  industry  for  the  prospector,  miner,  geologist  and 
engineer  many  books  have  been  written.  However,  the  prospector  for 
oil,  the  driller  and  the  general  operator  have  never  had  any  book  giving 
any  classified  and  systematic  data.  In  this  book  I  have,  therefore, 
attempted  to  fulfill  the  requirements  of  the  last  mentioned. 

Especially  for  Canada  is  this  now  needed,  where  vast  areas  of  oil 
formations  with  tremendous  productive  potentialities  lie  unprospected 
when  wells  are  being  drilled  in  large  numbers  in  other  parts  of  the 
World  where  infinitely  fewer  indications  for  large  production  existed 
at  the  initial  stage  of  development. 

If  the  petroleum  prospector  can  work  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
trained  geologist  his  efforts  will  be  greatly  simplified  and  wrill  be  much 
more  effective.  This  book  is  designed  to  furnish  the  information  that 
will  permit  the  prospector  to  work  in  this  way. 

Petroleum  geology  has  been  a  specialized  profession  only  within 
the  last  ten  years.  Previous  to  that  time  all  oil  men  chose  locations 
for  wells  and  did  all  other  work  by  chance  and  by  guess. 

It  is  now  for  the  geologist  to  find  out  the  reasons  why  accumula- 
tions of  oil  occur  in  certain  places.  It  is  his  duty  to  furnish  classified 
information  to  the  driller  as  to  the  formations  which  he  may  expect 
and  the  depth  at  which  production  should  be  encountered.  The  whole 
World  has  had  to  be  studied  in  the  acquisition  of  this  data.  As  a 
result,  all  large  oil  companies  have  on  their  regular  staff  a  geologist 
who  chooses  the  sites  of  all  wells,  gives  the  driller  information  as  to 
where  to  expect  shifting  sands,  water,  gas,  hard  and  soft  strata  and 
much  other  data  of  the  greatest  value.  No  property  ever  passes  into 
the  hands  of  a  successful  oil  operator  or  company  without  first  having 
been  passed  upon  by  a  geologist  of  established  standing  and  integrity. 

In  this  book  I  have  used  as  reference  all  of  the  standard  works  on 
geology  and  petroleum.  Such  books  as  those  by  Hayes,  E.  H.  Cunning- 
ham Craig  and  Beebe  Thompson  have  proven  most  valuable. 

For  some  of  the  plates  and  information  I  am  indebted  to  the  Oil 
Well  Supply  Company  of  Pittsburg  and  The  G.  S.  Johnson  Company 


of  San  Francisco.     To  my  field  assistant,  Mr.  E.  H.  Nichols,  for  data 
gathered  in  the  field  with  me,  I  am  also  very  much  indebted. 

If  tie  i^ffvrnja^ion,  contained  herein  should  reveal  value  in  a  prop- 
erty t>)  sOme^prosjpeclQi*  who  spends  one  weary  month  after  another  in 
searcJimg  o;i4^and  locating, Nature's  hidden  treasures,  if  it  saves  some- 
clie  the  ^ht'usaiids  of /dollars  that  it  would  cost  to  drill  a  well  where 
there  is  no  chance  for  production,  if  it  should  show  a  chance  for  pro- 
duction in  a  locality  where  it  was  thought  no  production  could  be  had, 
or  if  it  saves  some  operator  from  the  heavy  expense  incidental  to  a 
fishing  job  or  the  loss  of  a  well,  I  shall  consider  that  my  efforts  have 
been  well  worth  while. 

F.  J.  S.  SUR,  E.  M., 

Calgary,   Canada. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION          5 
OIL   FORMATION. 

ITS  GEOLOGICAL  HISTORY  AND  PROCESS. 

From  a  wide  range  of  reading  of  the  best  authorities  of  all  the 
countries  of  the  World  and  from  a  broad  experience  in  many  different 
countries,  I  have  gathered  much  information  of  a  valuable  character. 

So  that  chance  may  be  eliminated,  a  great  multitude  of  facts  has 
been  made  available  by  Geologists,  Chemists,  Refiners  and  all  Scien- 
tists who  have  unceasingly  studied  every  phase  of  rock  formations, 
action  of  gas,  water,  heat,  pressure,  oil;  in  fact,  the  gamut  of  physics 
applied  to  terrestrial  and  marine  action. 

So  that  the  great  petroleum  horizons  may  be  intelligently  studied 
with  the  hope  that  the  facts  which  each  horizon  reveals  may  be  applied 
in  a  practical  way  to  the  many  undeveloped  areas,  I  present  such 
information  as  I  consider  will  be  of  practical  value. 

I  have  made  no  attempt  to  give  a  historical  review  of  the  means 
and  methods  used  by  the  various  authors  and  scientists  to  bring  out 
the  final  result.  In  the  evolution  of  the  ideas  of  the  formations  of 
petroleum  many  theories  have  been  advanced,  a  majority  of  which  have 
been  exploded  and  eliminated  one  by  one  until  finally  the  theory  here- 
with presented  is  now  accepted  by  practically  every  authority. 

There  have  been  many  theories  evolved  in  recent  years  by  chemists, 
geologists  and  oil  men  as  to  the  formation  of  petroleum.  Among  these 
are :  The  theory  of  volcanic  origin,  the  theory  of  animal  origin,  the 
theory  of  hypogene  causes,  the  theory  of  vegetable  origin,  and  many 
others. 

The  weeding  out  process  has  slowly  brought  the  majority  of  the 
World's  authorities  to  the  conclusion  favoring  the  theory  of  vegetable 
or  organic  origin  of  petroleum. 

The  natural  distillation  of  shales  and  hydrocarbons  found  in  the 
Earth's  crust  may  have  produced  some  petroleum,  but  it  is  the  author's 
opinion  that  90%  of  the  World's  supply  of  petroleum  came  from  vege- 
table or  organic  origin. 

The  material  from  which  the  petroleum  was  evolved  was  deposited 
or  grew  in  sediments  in  shallow  water  on  tropical  sea  shores — tropical 
at  the  time  of  deposition — usually  at  the  mouths  of  rivers  or  streams. 
At  times  the  ocean  overflowed  the  deposits  so  that  strata  of  marine  and 
fresh  water  deposits  usually  alternated,  as  proven  by  the  fossils  found 
in  them  and  their  materials  of  which  they  consist  of  the  deposited 


6         OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


ANTICLINE    WITH  UNEQUAL  LIMBS 


ANTICLINAL  FLE  X URE  W/TH  VERTICALLY 
JNCLINEDBEDS  ARE  OFTEN  FAULTED 

OR  DISTURBED. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


organic  matter  over  a  great  length  of  time  allowing  pressure,  heat, 
gases  and  time  to  act  on  the  sealed  mass,  which  we  now  find  as 
petroleum. 

In  the  days  when  the  formations,  in  which  the  petroleum  is  found, 
were  deposited  tropical  conditions  prevailed.  Rapid  tropical  growth 
was  necessary  to  produce  the  amount  of  vegetation  necessary  for  ma- 
terial from  which  we  know  petroleum  is  derived. 

Climatic  changes  occurred  with  great  frequency  in  those  pre-historic 
days,  when  the  tropics  were  near  the  poles,  proof  of  which  we  find  in 
fossil  remains.  The  raising  and  sinking,  building  up  and  washing  away 
of  the  lands  are  all  shown  by  the  relics  of  Amphibian  and  Terrestrial 
fossils  of  today. 

MIGRATION. 

Oil  and  gas  migrate  upward  in  the  stratum.  They  also  migrate 
laterally  along  the  stratum  if  it  is  inclined. 

In  a  horizontal  stratum  the  oil  and  gas  migrates  upward  to  an 
impervious  rock.  Some  rocks  are  more  porous  in  one  place  than 


/ANTICLINORIUM 


8         OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


VERTICAL  SECTION  SHOWING 
WHEREWELI5ARE5UNK 


-SVNCJLINE 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION          9 

another.  This  is  caused  by  pressure,  silicification  or  by  lime  solu- 
tions descending  or  ascending  and  fixing  in  the  pores  of  the  rock. 

Continuity  of  the  impervious  strata  is  essential  towards  the  reten- 
tion of  an  accumulation  of  petroleum.  Lack  of  it  is  the  cause  of  the 
blank  or  "duster"  areas,  as  in  the  great  Appalachian  syncline. 

In  every  field,  of  which  the  composition  and  structure  is  known, 
it  is  usually  considered  that  the  oil  originated  within  or  in  proximity 
to  the  stratum  in  which  it  is  found.  Although  there  are  cases  of 
migration  where  the  oil  is  found  in  another  rock  or  sand  than  that  in 
which  it  originated,  this  is  the  exception  and  not  the  rule. 

Oils  found  in  limestone  are  usually  regarded  as  indigenous  to  it. 

Orton  says:  "So  common  is  the  occurrence  of  petroleum  in  strati- 
fied rocks  that  wherever  a  close  grained  shale  occurs  there  is  almost 
always  at  least  a  small  accumulation  of  oil  directly  underneath  it. 
The  same  thing  occurs  when  an  impervious  stratum  of  any  other  com- 
position than  shale  occurs  in  the  series."  I  think  that  Dr.  Orton 
generalizes  too  much.  Owing  to  the  comparatively  short  time  that  this 
subject  has  been  studied  scientifically,  this  is,  however,  the  case,  to  a 
great  extent  with  most  writers. 

The  rocks  from  which  the  oil  and  gas  of  oil  fields  are  derived  are 
of  sedimentary  origin;  porous  rocks,  mostly  sands  or  sandstones  of 
various  textures,  embedded  in  and  overlain  by  shales.  Sometimes  the 
porous  rocks,  which  are  the  reservoirs  of  the  petroleum  and  gas,  are 
also  underlain  by  shales  and  in  cases,  as  in  the  Appalachian  Fields, 
limestones  underlay  the  lower  shales.  The  latter  case  applies  to  the 
Carboniferous  and  the  former  to  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  series. 

Oil  bearing  sandstones  and  sands  vary  in  composition  and  have 
under  the  glass  shown  every  conceivable  color  and  texture.  Oil  fields 
have,  in  some  localities,  two  or  more  sands  that  produce  oil.  This  is 
usually  the  case  in  beds  of  Tertiary  origin. 

The  Cretaceous  rocks  have  shown  petroleum  in  commercial  quan- 
tities in  only  two  series  of  its  strata. 

Sedimentary  formations  in  which  all  petroleum  is  exclusively  con- 
fined were  originally  deposited  in  a  horizontal  position. 

The  folding  or  wrinkling  into  anticlinal  and  synclinal  forms  is  due 
to  the  terrestrial  disturbances  caused  by  the  cooling  off  of  the  crust  of 
the  Earth. 

Sandstones  usually  are  more  compact  towards  the  bottom  of  the 
stratum.  The  constituents  of  sand  are  more  heterogeneous  nearer  their 
origin  than  at  a  greater  distance.  Sandstones  formed  from  the  deposits 


10       OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


ANTICLINE  WITH 
GENTLE:  SLOPING  LIMBS 


OIL-FIELD   STRUCTURE   WITH 
BROKEN      APEX. 


OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        1 1 

of  littoral,  estuarine  and  deltaic  conditions  make  up  oil  bearing  forma- 
tions. 

The  composition  of  these  sandstones  is  varied.  It  consists  of  frag- 
ments of  every  conceivable  rock  that  could  be  on  the  course  of  the 
stream  which  emptied  into  the  bay,  estuary,  lagoon  or  gulf.  Under 
the  microscope  the  polished  grains  tell  whether  they  are  much  water- 
worn  or  were  worn  by  the  winds  of  a  desert  and  then  transported 
The  amount  of  silt,  coarseness  of  grains,  quantity  of  grains  in  the  mass, 
all  tell  a  tale  and  must  be  considered. 

The  areas  of  producing  territory  usually  parallel  the  main  moun- 
tain ranges  and  vary  much  in  shape. 

LOCATIONS  OF  ACCUMULATION. 

Dry  rocks  have  shown  accumulations  of  petroleum  at  or  near  the 
trough  of  synclines,  especially  where  the  dip  of  the  rocks  is  not  enough 
to  overcome  friction.  Parts  of  the  Appalachian  Field  exemplify  this 
phase.  This  is  usually  exemplified  in  very  low  lying  structures  in  the 
carboniferous  series. 

In  wet,  -porous  rocks  the  accumulation  is  at  the  upper  limit  of  the 
anticlines  or  of  a  folded  structure  of  the  porous  rocks. 

A  series  of  rocks  varies  in  porosity  laterally  and  vertically. 

All  conditions  considered,  the  most  probable  place  for  accumula- 
tions of  gas  is  at  the  crests  or  apices  of  anticlines. 

If  the  rocks  are  not  porous,  gas  occurs  in  and  with  the  oil  body. 

The  impervious  cover  mentioned  as  one  of  the  necessary  adjuncts 
of  the  accumulation  of  deposits  of  petroleum  is  now  found  usually  in 
the  form  of  shales  which  were  once  clay,  deposited  after  that  'of  the 
petroleum-making  material. 

The  next  necessary  adjunct  towards  the  making  of  petroleum  is 
the  saline  water,  usually  much  more  saline  than  sea  water,  which  is 
found  with  or  in  the  same  stratum  as  the  petroleum.  This  acted  on  or 
retarded  the  decomposition. 

The  main  requisites  of  a  productive  oil  field  are  a  porous  reservoir 
and  an  impervious  cover  and  underlying  bed.  While  the  mineral  may 
he  formed  in  a  stratum  other  than  that  in  which  it  is  found,  in  most 
cases  it  is  indigenous  to  it. 

In  California  marine  sand  acts  as  the  retainer  or  reservoir,  while 
in  other  fields  a  coarse-grained  sandstone,  or  a  conglomerate  or  a  porous 
limestone  acts  as  the  reservoir.  At  times  water  and  oil  occur  in  the 


12        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


FORMATIONS  IN  WHICH  PETROLEUM-WAS  ARE  FOUND  IN  /ALBERTA  CANADA 
STRUCTURES  ARE  A5VMETRICAL  ANTICLINES 


EDMONTON 


60O 


aoo* 


23.00' 


95O 

TO 
I  IOO 


3OO 


200 


BEARPAW 
PIERRE  FOXHILl 


JUDITH  RiVER 

BELLY  RIVER 

_CLAGGETT 
"LOWER  DARK  SHALES 

CARD/UM  SANDSTONE 

•BENTON 


NIOBRARA 
>- 
BEN70N 


>- MONTANA 


•COLORADO 


DAKOTA 


•COAL  MEASURES  KOOTAN/E. 


FERN  IE  3  HALLS 


•CRETACEOUS 


Q^RTZITES 

APPROXIMATETHICKNESS 
COMPILED  FROM    MEASUREMENTS    BY 

F  TohnSur.      rr 


DEVONIANS 
CARBONIFEROUS 


OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        1  3 

same  porous  stratum,  the  water  being  saline  or  sulphurous.     The  water 
replaces  the  oil  as  the  latter  is  drawn  off. 

Three  conditions  tend  to  make  gushers  or  spouting  wells: 

1st.      The  weight  of  the  overlying  strata. 

2nd.     The  water  pressure,  hydrostatic. 

3rd.     Gas  pressure.     This  may  be  expected  to  produce  a  gusher  if 
an  accumulation  of  oil  is  a  large  one  and  the  reservoir  is  loose  sand. 

Oil  has  been  found  in  the  many  Geologic  periods  from  the  Silurian 
to  the  Tertiary.     But  the  commercial  deposits  predominate  in  the  Cre- 
taceous and  Tertiary  formations.     I  here   show  the   wide   distribution 
of  oil  in  the  various  geologic  peribds : 
Burma — Tertiary  Galicia — Tertiary 

California — Tertiary  Roumania — Tertiary 

A«sam — Tertiary  Mexico — Tertiary  and  Cretaceous 

Punjab — Tertiary  Peru — Tertiary 

Trinidad — Tertiary  Japan — Tertiary 

Baku — Tertiary  Texas — Permo-Carboniferous,   Cre- 

Borneo — Tertiary  taceous,  Tertiary 

Sumatra — Tertiary  New  Mexico — Cretaceous 

Java — Tertiary  Alberta — Cretaceous 

Victoria,  Australia — Perrno-  Wyoming — Cretaceous 

Carboniferous  Ontario — Paleozoic 


14        OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

VARIETIES  OF   OIL,  HOW  IT   IS   FORMED  AND   FORMA- 
TIONS IN  WHICH  IT  OCCURS. 

Mineral  oil  occurs  as  two  distinct  varieties — that  of  a  paraffine 
base  and  that  of  an  asphaltum  base.  It  ranges  from  a  water  white 
transparency  to  intense  black,  the  most  common  of  which  is  dark  green 
which,  seen  by  reflected  light,  is  shown  to  have  a  brownish  yellow  tinge. 
It  is  highly  inflammable  and  the  chief  constituents  are  carbon  and 
hydrogen,  with  varying  quantities  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen.  Some  varie- 
ties are  impregnated  with  or  combined  with  sulphur. 

The  oils  were  formed  in  one  of  the  two  following  manners: 

1.  That  formed  in  the  rocks  by  the  decomposition  of  animal  and 
vegetable  matters. 

2.  That  due  to  the  natural  distillation,  by  internal  heat,  of  shales 
and  hydrocarbons  found  in  the  Earth's  crust. 

Structural  conditions  play  an  all-important  part  in  determining 
where  an  accumulation  of  oil  may  be  found. 

Oil  is  only  obtained  from  unbroken  and  undisturbed  strata.  A 
fold  anticlinal  or  synclinal  of  the  oil-bearing  strata  asserts  an  all 
powerful  influence  on  the  creation  of  reservoirs  of  oil. 

As  I  will  use  the  word  anticline  quite  often,  I  will  here  explain 
the  meaning. 

The  folding  of  the  strata  has  taken  place  along  an  axis.  Where 
strata  dip  away  from  an  axis  so  as  to  form  an  arch  or  saddle,  the 
structure  is  termed  an  anticline  or  anticlinal  axis.  Where  they  dip 
towards  an  axis,  forming  a  trough  or  basin,  it  is  called  a  syncline  or 
synclinal  axis.  In  a  simple  or  symmetrical  fold  the  axal  plane  is  verti- 
cal, or  approximately  so,  and  the  limbs  haye  on  the  whole  the  same 
general  angle  of  inclination  in  opposite  directions. 

In  many  cases  the  axis  is  inclined  and  the  dip  on  one  side  is  much 
steeper  than  on  the  other,  though  on  both  sides  still  towards  opposite 
directions.  This  inclination  may  increase  until  the  fold  is  bent  over, 
so  that  strata  on  one  side  are  inverted  and  the  dip  is  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, though  it  may  be  at  different  angles  in  the  limbs. 

An  anticlinal  or  synclinal  axis  must  always  die  out  unless  abruptly 
terminated  by  dislocation.  In  the  anticline,  the  crest  of  the  fold,  after 
continuing  horizontal,  or  but  slightly  inclined,  at  last  begins  to  turn 
downward,  the  angle  of  inclination  lessens  and  the  arch  then  ends  or 
noses  out.  In  the  syncline  the  trough  eventually  bends  upwards  and 
the  beds  with  gradually  lessening  angles  swing  around  it. 


OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        15 

These  folds  often  extend  for  a  long  distance  with  great  regularity. 
For  instance,  as  in  the  great  California  oil  fields,  one  of  which  is  nearly 
fifty  miles  long. 

Subsidiary  anticlines  frequently  cross  the  main  anticlines  and  are 
at  times  as  productive  as  the  main  anticline. 

The  difference  of  density  separates  the  oil  and  water  in  the 
stratum,  oil  occurring  in  anticlines  and  water  in  the  synclines.  The 
gas  arises  to  the  highest  point — the  apex  of  the  anticlines. 

Needless  to  say  that  great  care  should  be  used  in  choosing  the 
location  of  a  well  so  that  the  oil-bearing  stratum  can  be  tapped  at  the 
most  desirable  place. 

Better  to  spend  one  thousand  dollars  on  responsible  advice  before 
the  well  is  drilled  than  to  spend  $20,000.00  to  $50,000.00  in  drilling 
and  find  out  that  the  oil  is  not  where  it  was  expected. 


16        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


HOW  THE  GEOLOGIST  WORKS. 

In  tracing  the  extent  of  underground  formations,  the  exposures  of 
broken  strata  are  looked  for  first.  From  these  are  determined  the 
direction  in  which  the  formation  dips  and  strikes. 

Exposures  of  strata  are  usually  looked  for  in  creeks,  gullies,  river 
valleys  or  hilltops — places  where  the  erosion  or  weathering  have  washed 
or  worn  away  the  surface  detritus. 

From  the  indications  thus  shown,  the  geologist  usually  works 
toward  the  mountains,  where  he  generally  finds  one  stratum  overlay- 
ing another,  until  he  comes  to  where  the  igneous  rocks  of  the  primary 
series  underlay  all  the  others.  The  rocks  of  the  main  mountain 
ranges  all  underlay  the  sedimentary  series.  It  is  in  the  rocks  of  the 
sedimentary  series  that  oil  is  found. 

For  instance,  in  tracing  the  underlaying  formations  from  Black 
Diamond,  Alberta,  to  the  mountains,  advancing  westward,  the  strata 
is  tilted  in  such  a  manner  that  each  formation,  which  under  or  overlays 
the  other,  is  shown.  The  thickness  of  each  one  can  be  measured  until 
near  Old  Camp  on  Sheep  Creek  in  the  upper  foothills.  The  Dakota 
sandstones  are  shown  in  which  Ozokerite  is  found  in  the  sandstone 
itself.  Ozokerite  is  a  solid  residue  from  the  inspissation  of  petroleum. 
By  the  action  of  weather,  exposure,  etc.,  the  gases  and  the  oils  them- 
selves have  disappeared,  but  indications  remain  to  show  how  much  oil 
was,  and  is,  in  the  undisturbed  Dakota  sandstones. 

The  significance  taught  to  the  geologist  by  the  discovery  of  Ozo- 
kerite in  the  Dakota  sandstones,  which  extend  to  and  beyond  the  Black 
Diamond  fields,  enables  them  to  determine  whether  the  series  is  petro- 
liferous or  not. 

Every  rock  or  mineral  must  be  carefully  considered,  dips  of  each 
separate  formation  figured,  strike  of  dikes,  lodes  and  all  rock  in  place 
measured;  all  should  be  mapped  and  sketched,  distances  from  outcrops 
paced  or  measured. 

Other  indications  looked  for  are  gas  flows  and  springs  in  which  oil 
shows.  In  all  work,  allowance  is  made  for  faulting,  inverted  anticlines 
and  other  natural  disturbances.  Accumulations  of  oil  sufficient  for 
commercial  production  occur  where  the  strata  are  folded.  Where  the 
strata  are  flat  there  may  be  oil,  but  not  usually  in  commercial  quanti- 
ties. When  the  stratum  is  tilted  and  the  porous  rocks  of  it  contain  oil 
the  difference  of  density  separates  the  oil  and  water.  The  specific 
gravity  determines  the  position. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        I  7 

In  the  Alberta  fields  the  anticlines  are  usually  symmetrical.  A 
symmetrical  anticline  is  one  in  which  the  hade  is  vertical.  Faults  and 
dislocations  play  an  important  part  in  the  distribution  and  accumula- 
tion of  oil. 

The  location  of  a  well  on  the  anticline  determines  the  productive 
possibilities.  For  instance,  if  a  well  penetrates  the  extreme  top — crest 
or  apex  of  a  sharp  anticline — in  all  probability  the  production  will  be 
only  gas. 

If  a  well  penetrates  the  limbs  or  flanks  of  an  anticline,  the  well 
will  produce  oil. 

If  a  well  penetrates  the  trough  of  a  syncline,  which  is  an  inverted 
anticline,  water  will  be  the  only  production. 

These  conditions  all  prevail,  providing  the  strata  in  the  anticline 
contain  oil.  I  do  not  mean  to  give  the  impression  that  all  anticlines 
have  oil  in  them.  There  are  many  sedimentary  formations  in  which  oil 
could  not  occur.  Lakes  of  oil  are  unknown. 


Breakfast  in  the  mountains.     One  of  the  camps  of  the  author 
while  gathering  data  in  the  Alberta  fields. 


18        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


DRILLING    METHODS. 

A  comparison  of  the  different  methods  of  drilling  oil  wells  in  the 
various  great  oil  fields  of  the  world  and  the  relative  measure  of  success 
attained  is  interesting  to  the  man  drilling  in  a  new  field. 

There  are  two  methods  of  drilling  that  have  met  with  success  and 
are  now  used  universally.  First,  is  the  percussion  method,  in  which 
are  used  free  falling  tools  suspended  from  a  hemp  or  steel  cable,  the 
weight  of  the  tools  being  sufficient  to  break,  grind  or  pierce  the  rock. 
Second,  is  the  rotary  method  in  which  the  bit  is  rotated  on  the  bottom 
of  a  stem  of  pipe  extending  from  the  top  of  the  hole  to  the  bottom. 
The  ground  formation  is  pumped  out  of  the  hole  by  compression. 

Under  the  head  of  percussion  drills  are  included  the  Canadian 
type  of  rig,  Standard,  Imperial,  California,  Krupp,  and  others,  all 
designed  for  some  certain  class  of  formation.  Some  are  made  with 
combinations  of  parts  from  the  different  types,  the  idea  with  each  being 
to  surmount  some  difficulty  which  the  other  designs  would  not  meet. 

I  will  here  give  the  principles  of  the  different  styles  of  drill  rigs. 

The  percussion  drilling  rig  of  the  various  designs  is  used  in  any 
formation,  hard  or  soft.  It  is  particularly  adapted  to  hard  formations. 
The  rotary  rig  is  superior  for  sinking  deep  wells  through  loose  or  soft 
formations  and  is  not  a  prospecting  outfit.  It  should  never  be  used 
except  when  all  the  underground  formations  have  been  proven  and 
well  defined  as  to  depth  and  thickness. 

In  many  fields  a  combination  rotary  and  standard  rig  is  used  and, 
although  it  costs  much  more  than  any  other  class  of  rig,  it  is  capable 
of  surmounting  any  difficulties  that  may  be  encountered. 

The  principle  of  the  rotary  drilling  rig  consists  of  a  rapidly  turn- 
ing column  of  pipe,  the  lower  end  of  which  has  a  sharp  tool  or  bit  for 
cutting  the  formation  through  which  it  passes.  The  principle  is  the 
same  as  with  a  carpenter's  augur.  Water,  under  heavy  pressure,  is 
forced  through  the  pipe.  Returning  to  the  surface  on  the  outside  of 
the  pipe,  the  water  brings  with  it  all  cuttings  and  leaves  a  clean  sur- 
face on  the  bottom  for  the  bit  to  drill  into.  The  rotary  can  be  used 
in  hard  formations,  an  abrasive  being  used,  but  it  is  not  so  suitable  as 
the  percussion  method  in  such  cases. 

The  Canadian  combination  system  is  well  adapted  for  hard  forma- 
tions, as  it  has  an  auxiliary  attachment  of  poles  by  which  the  drill  bit 
can  be  turned  after  each  drop,  thus  cutting  all  parts  of  the  surface 
equally.  Especially  in  a  highly  tilted  formation  is  this  useful  when 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        19 


Rotary  drilling1  rig-.  Engine  to  left  of 
derrick  and  mud  pump  to  rig-lit.  Drill 
pipe  passes  througli  rotary  table  in 
center  of  derrick. 


20        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

passing  from  one  stratum  to  another.  It  also  has  the  advantage  of  drill- 
ing with  the  cable  or  rope  when  required. 

There  are  many  classes  of  portable  drilling  plants,  but  they  are  not 
successfully  adapted  to  deep  well  drilling. 

Casing  or  steel  tubing  is  used  to  prevent  caving  from  the  sides  of 
the  hole  and  to  keep  out  water,  shifting  sands,  gas  and  sometimes  oil. 
Smaller  sizes  are  used  as  depth  is  attained.  A  well  may  start  with 
20-inch  casing  and  diminish  in  size  to  any  dimensions,  sometimes  finish- 
ing with  as  small  as  4-inch.  One  string  passes  inside  of  the  other,  and 
each  string  extends  from  the  top  of  the  hole,  unless  cut  off  after  the 
well  is  completed.  The  object  of  the  driller  is  to  keep  the  casing  as 
large  as  possible  at  all  times  and  carry  each  string  to  the  greatest  pos- 
sible depth. 

Some  wells  at  Baku,  Russia,  started  with  36-inch  casing,  as  many 
difficulties  were  encountered  and  had  to  be  overcome.  The  formation 
was  soft  and  broken  up,  quantities  of  quicksand  gave  much  trouble, 
water  flooded  the  wells  and  other  things  interfered  with  drilling. 

In  Australia,  where  water  wells  are  drilled  to  great  depths,  an 
average  well  being  four  thousand  feet,  the  usual  size  of  the  hole  at  the 
top  is  eight  inches  in  diameter.  There  the  formation  is  very  hard  and 
compact.  Some  wells  have  no  more  than  three  hundred  feet  of  casing 
at  the  surface.  Below  this  the  walls  hold  up.  Granite,  quartzite  and 
sandstones  are  the  predominating  formations. 

At  Bradford,  Pennsylvania,  a  well  is  being  drilled  which  is  now 
over  5000  feet  deep,  and  it  has  no  more  than  three  hundred  feet  of 
casing  in  it.  They  have  had  some  soft  formation  to  go  through,  but 
have  proven  new  things  to  the  modern  drill  man  who  usually  wants 
to  case  every  foot. 

Casing  costs  a  great  deal  of  money,  being  one  of  the  heaviest 
items  of  expense.  Much  time  is  required  to  place  the  casing  in  the 
hole  and,  in  many  cases,  difficulties  of  all  kinds  are  experienced. 
Where  under-reamers  are  necessary  they  sometimes  cause  great  annoy- 
ance. The  under-reamer  is  a  tool  or  bit  used  to  enlarge  the  hole  below 
the  bottom  of  the  easing  so  that  the  hole  will  be  large  enough  to  permit 
the  casing  to  pass. 

In  most  fields  casing  is  necessary,  but  where  the  formation  will 
hold  up  there  is  no  reason  for  it,  other  than  to  shut  off  water. 

Derricks  are  built  of  wood  or  steel.  Wood  is  cheaper  in  most 
regions.  Where  transportation  problems  have  to  be  considered  the 
steel  derrick  is  used,  it  being  lighter  and  more  durable  than  wood  and 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        21 


Standard  drilling-  rig-.  The  tools  with 
drive  clamps  on  are  being*  used  to  drive 
the  casing-. 


22        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

more  easily  shipped.  In  Australia,  where  white  ants  eat  all  articles  of 
wood,  steel  is  necessary.  In  Chili  and  Peru,  on  account  of  the  exces- 
sive dryness  in  the  rainless  tracts,  steel  derricks  are  used.  However,  it 
is  usually  a  question  of  taste  upon  the  part  of  the  manager  of  the  prop- 
erties as  to  whether  wood  or  steel  derricks  are  used. 

CABLES. — Formerly  the  hemp  cables  were  almost  universally  used. 
Within  the  last  few  years  steel  cables  have  been  more  favored.  Especi- 
ally in  wet  wells  or  wells  having  hard  walls  are  they  found  to  be  far 
better.  They  cost  less  than  do  hemp  cables  and  the  "breaking  strain'' 
is  more.  Another  advantage  the  steel  cable  has  over  the  hemp  is  that 
it  will  allow  the  tools  to  turn  more  in  the  hole. 


Gas  bubbles  in  Athabaska  River,  Alberta.  For  centuries  huge  bubbles  liave  been  con- 
stantly coming'  to  the  surface  on  this  river.  This  gas  conies  from  the  Dakota 
Series.  It  is  to  some  extent  a  "wet"  gas. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        23 


DRILLING   DON'TS. 

Don't  drill  with  dull  tools. 

Don't  use  corroded  casing. 

Don't  use  under-reamers  any  more  than  is  absolutely  necessary- 
better  to  drill  a  larger  hole,  if  possible. 

Don't  use  a  hemp  or  manila  cable  for  deep  drilling,  as  it  stretches 
too  much.  Wire  is  much  more  satisfactory  after  the  first  few  hundred 
feet. 

Don't  let  your  tools  get  too  far  ahead  of  your  casing.  The  top  of 
the  tools  should  not  be  permitted  to  get  below  the  bottom  of  the  casing. 
Keep  your  casing  as  close  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole  as  possible  without 
its  being  so  close  that  the  shoe  will  be  broken  with  the  tools.  Wells 
drilled  where  the  formation  has  series  of  soft  sand  between  harder 
strata  of  rock  are  subject  to  caves.  If  the  casing  is  not  kept  as  close  to 
the  drilling  tools  as  possible,  trouble  is  sure  to  occur.  Soft  formations 
cave  in  on  the  bailer  or  other  tools  when  not  cased  off. 

In  anticlinal  and  synclinal  structures  the  location  of  the  well  is 
the  all-important  point  to  be  considered. 

Don't  drill  in  a  syncline  unless  you  want  salt  or  sulphurous  water. 

Don't  drill  for  oil  on  the  apex  or  crest  of  a  sharp  anticline. 

Don't  drill  for  gas  on  the  limbs  or  flanks  of  an  anticline  if  you 
want  maximum  gas  production. 

Don't  drill  for  anything  in  horizontal  strata. 

Don't  drill  where  the  oil  occurs  too  deep  for  commercial  produc- 
tion. 

Don't  drill  too  close  to  the  outcrop  of  the  oil  sand,  or  you  will  find 
out  that  the  oil  is  inspissated  and  only  residue  remains. 

Don't  drill  any  more  when  you  get  hot  water  from  the  drill  hole 
at  depth.  This  is  a  very  bad  indication  for  oil. 


24        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

SOME  REASONS  FOR  DECLINE 
IN  PRODUCTION. 

The  poor  management  of  the  numerous  mechanical  equipments 
pertaining  to  oil  wells  is  responsible  in  many  cases  for  the  decreasing 
production. 

As  in  every  other  industry,  great  advancement  has  been  made  in 
oil  well  machinery  within  the  last  few  years.  Devices  that  save  time 
.and  labor  and  increase  production  at  less  cost  mean  success. 

First,  is  the  subject  of  casing.  In  some  districts  casing  corrodes 
more  than  in  others  and,  if  not  looked  after,  will  allow  water  to  ruin  a 
well  that  would  produce  for  many  years  if  taken  care  of  properly. 
Especially  is  this  so  where  the  underground  waters  are  sulphurous. 

Second,  wells  having  a  paraffine  base  oil,  if  not  steamed  out  at 
intervals,  will  "choke"  the  production,  lessening  gradually  until  the 
small  amount  produced  awakens  the  manager  to  the  fact  that  he  could 
have  had  more  oil  for  months  if  the  well  had  been  properly  cared  for. 
This  "choking"  is  caused  by  the  paraffine  wax  stopping  up  the  chan- 
nels that  lead  to  the  well. 

Dynamite  has  been  used  with  success  in  such  cases.  Steaming  out 
is  safer  and  more  universally  satisfactory. 

Third,  "bleeding"  a  well.  A  well  that  is  pumped  too  fast  or  too 
long  or  too  deep  can  be  made  to  produce  fifty  per  cent  less  than  it 
would  if  pumped  in  such  a  manner  as  to  use  the  expansive  force  of  the 
.gas  accumulating  in  the  hole. 

Automatic  devices  for  covering  this  feature  of  production  are  on 
the  market  and  have  been  proven  successful  by  the  largest  producers 
in  all  the  fields. 

Fourth,  the  use  of  compressed  air  in  flowing  a  well  rather  tends 
to  shorten  its  life  than  to  lengthen  it.  Decreased  vaporization  and  the 
formation  of  waxy  sediments  which  tend  to  clog  the  sand  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  are  the  results  of  the  continued  action  of  compressed  air 
in  flowing  a  well. 

Fifth,  the  wearing  away  of  cement  behind  casing,  as  time  goes  by, 
by  the  constant  pressure  of  the  water  and  gas  may  result  in  a  slow 
<lrip  of  water,  which,  if  not  stopped,  will  tend  to  ruin  an  otherwise 
long-time  producer. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        25 


REASONS   FOR   NON-PRODUCTION 

Most  of  the  mistakes  made  in  drilling  oil  and  gas  wells  in  Alberta 
and  Saskatchewan  would  not  have  happened  if  the  men  in  charge  had 
used  the  data  available  on  the  subject,  and  thus  profited  by  the  mis- 
takes of  others.  Entirely  unnecessary  mistakes  represent  the  loss  of 
thousands  of  dollars. 

I  refer,  first,  to  the  location  of  the  drill  holes ;  second,  to  actual 
drilling  of  the  well. 

According  to  the  report  of  Mr.  Wyatt  Malcolm,  issued  by  the 
Department  of  Mines  Geological  Survey,  three  wells  were  drilled  by 
the  Dominion  Government  in  the  nineties. 

One  was  drilled  at  Athabasca  Landing  on  an  anticline,  but  could 
not  attain  sufficient  depth  to  expose  the  Dakota  series. 

Another  was  drilled  where  the  strata  was  horizontal  and  not  in 
position  to  hold  oil  in  commercial  quantities. 

Experienced  oil  men  would  not  have  drilled  in  these  locations. 

A  well  was  drilled  by  a  company  for  the  municipality  at  Maple 
Creek,  Sask.,  for  gas,  in  a  syncline  where  gas  could  not  occur.  An 
anticline  with  quantities  of  gas  occurs  less  than  a  mile  distant  from 
where  the  well  was  drilled. 

Because  gas  or  oil  or  tar  seepages  occur  on  a  property  is  no  reason 
why  there  is  gas  or  oil  in  commercial  quantities  on  that  piece  of 
property. 

In  actual  drilling  the  data  above  mentioned  will  save  money  and 
avoid  many  an  expensive  delay. 

Another  point  to  be  considered  in  drilling  for  oil  is  the  ''drainage 
area."  A  lengthy  flank  of  an  anticline  Avill  produce  more  oil  daily 
and  for  a  longer  period  than  a  short  one.  The  shallowest  well  pro- 
duces less  than  the  deeper  well  for  the  same  reason. 


26        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

LOGS  OF  WELLS. 

THEIR   VALUE   AND    INFORMATION    THEY    SHOULD    CONTAIN. 

To  the  investigator  of  oil-bearing  formations  the  logs  of  all  nearby 
wells  are  of  great  value  in  determining  the  thickness  of  strata. 

The  importance  of  structure  is  such  that  it  must  be  determined 
with  a  great  degree  of  accuracy.  In  most  oil  and  gas  fields  the  struc- 
tures are  not  sufficiently  pronounced  to  be  traced  by  determining  dips 
writh  a  clinometer.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  connect  the  outcrops 
of  some  easily  identifiable  bed  by  level  lines  which  are  also  tied  to  all 
wells  whose  logs  can  be  obtained. 

The  method  of  obtaining  from  surface  observations  and  well  logs 
a  contoured  representation  of  the  oil  and  gas  sands  is  fully  explained 
by  W.  T.  Griswold  in  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bulletin  318,  and  should 
be  familiar  to  every  oil  prospector. 

Sometimes  it  is  necessary  for  the  investigator  to  examine  over  a 
great  radius  of  land  to  find  the  formations  that  are  necessary  to  correct 
determinations  of  thickness  and  depth. 

In  acquiring  the  logs  of  wells  from  oil  or  gas  well  operators,  tact 
is  recommended.  In  new  fields  great  secrecy  is  usually  maintained. 

Usually  when  a  man  exacts  information  he  gives  the  same  value  of 
information  in  return. 

In  questioning  for  information  the  following  is  suggested  of  the 
greatest  value: 

A — Elevation  at  casing  head. 

B — Depth  and  thickness  of  each  set  of  formations  penetrated  and 
distinguished  by  the  driller. 

C — Fossils.     Coal.     Get  samples. 

D — Depths  yielding  water,  oil,  gas,  tar  or  distinct  rocks. 

E — Local  and  geologic  names  of  productive  horizons. 

F — Method  of  drilling,  difficulties,  casing  used,  tools. 

G — Quantities  of  gas,  oil,  water  yielded. 

H — Temperature  of  both  salt  and  fresh  water. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        27 


ALBERTA    FORMATIONS. 

Extending  through  Montana  into  Alberta  as  far  north  as  the  Atha- 
basca River  is  a  formation  called  the  "Cretaceous"  that  is  oil  bearing 
in  one  stratum.  The  oil-bearing  series  is  called  the  "Dakota." 

Wherever  a  known  oil-bearing  series  folds  into  a  certain  form  or 
structure  known  as  anticlinal  and  where  that  structural  form  is  not 
broken  oil  is  usually  found. 

Wherever  wells  have  been  drilled  in  the  abovementioned  formation 
in  Alberta  under  the  abovementioned  structural  conditions  and  have 
struck  the  "Dakota"  sandstones  oil  has  been  encountered,  except  where 
wells  were  drilled  too  close  to  the  exposure  or  outcropping,  where 
asphalt  and  tar  is  all  that  remains  of  the  oil. 

The  Alberta  series  of  anticlines  constitute  the  most  extensive  of 
possible,  unproven  oil  lands  in  the  explored  world.  To  verify  this 
statement,  I  need  only  to  refer  to  any  of  the  standard  works  on  eco- 
nomic geology,  to  the  Government  Geological  Reports  and  to  every 
geologist  who  has  visited  Alberta.  All  report  favorable  conditions. 

Gas  in  commercial  quantities  has  been  found  throughout  Alberta 
wherever  it  has  been  drilled  for,  near  the  crest  of  anticlines,  in  creta- 
ceous formations  lying  above  the  Dakota  series.  The  majority  of  this 
gas  can  be  used  for  compressing  to  gasoline. 


Ding-man  No.  2,  Alberta  fields,  showing  flank  of  anticlinal  flexure. 


28        OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

OIL  FROM  ALBERTA  FIELDS  IS  PHENOMENAL 
IN   VALUE. 

TESTS  MADE  ON  PRODUCT  FROM  DINGMAN  WELL  SHOW  NINETY 
PER  CENT  GASOLINE   CONTENT. 

"One  of  the  most  remarkable  and  peculiar  oils  we  have  ever  come 
across — in  fact,  phenomenal.  The  test  that  has  just  been  made  shows  a 
90  per  cent  gasoline  content — that  means  that  the  crude  petroleum,  in 
its  refined  state,  is  90  per  cent  gasoline.  Having  ascertained  this,  it  is 
no  surprise  that  they  were  able  to  drive  in  from  the  well  on  the  crude 
product  and  find  that  it  developed  25  per  cent  increased  efficiency." 
These  remarks  were  made  by  J.  A.  Kelso,  Managing  Director  of  the 
Kelso  Testing  Laboratories,  after  an  analysis  of  samples  of  oil  from  the 
Alberta  fields. 

Speaking  further  upon  the  subject  of  his  results  with  the  Black 
Diamond  field  oils,  Mr.  Kelso  said:  "The  distilling  was  effected  under 
a  heat  of  from  50°  to  150°  Centigrade.  The  fact  that  we  were  able  to 
obtain  some  of  the  gasoline  at  a  temperature  of  from  50°  to  75°  Centi- 


Bingman  Well  where  high  grade  oil  was  fount!  in  Bentcn  shales  at  a  depth  of  2800 
feet.     This  was  the  Discovery  Well  in  the  Alberta  fields. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        29 

grade  means  that  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  very  high  grade  of  gasoline 
from  this  oil. 

"We  found  the  specific  gravity  of  the  crude  oil  to  be  62.5  Beaume, 
or  .734  specific  gravity  compared  with  water.  The  S.  G.  of  the  dis- 
tilled gasoline  was  67.5  Beaume,  or  .710  as  compared  with  water.  The 
residue  which  was  left  in  the  retort  was  of  a  clear  darkish  brown  color, 
of  a  paraffin  order." 

COMPARATIVE  DATA  OF  ALBERTA  OILS  WITH 
THAT  OF  OTHER  FIELDS. 

Specific  Gravity 
compared  with  water. 

California  fields    (1) 777 

California   fields    (2) 920     to     .983 

Pennsylvania   fields    801     to     .817 

Texas   fields 835 

West   Virginia   fields 841     to     .873 

Beaumont,    Texas 904     to     .925 

Wyoming  fields 912     to     .945 

Alberta  field    (Black  Diamond) 734 

"The  oil  from  the  Dingman  well  bears  a  close  resemblance  in 
specific  gravity  to  that  which  comes  from  the  Smith  Brothers  and 
Sweeney  well  at  St.  Mary's,  in  West  Virginia,  the  oil  there  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  .788.  The  same  may  be  said  of  another  well  in  the 
same  locality,  which  is  drilled  in  Big  Injuns  sand." 


30        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


Bailer    being-    drawn    from    Ding-man    No.    1    well    and    bringing" 
with  it  high  grade  oil. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        31 

FIELD  EQUIPMENT  FOR  PROSPECTING. 

The  equipment  necessary  in  geological  determinations  is  usually 
light  and  is  not  expensive. 

It  consists  of  the  following  articles: 

A  compass  sufficiently  large  to  be  reasonably  exact,  with  Clino- 
meter and  level  attached.  The  Brunton  Compass  serves  the  purpose. 

A  hammer  weighing  about  one  and  three-quarter  pounds  with  one 
side  flat  and  the  other  drawn  out  as  a  pick,  so  that  it  may  be  used  to 
either  break  or  dig  out  of  the  croppings  the  rock  fragments  or  fossils 
by  which  the  country  rock  formations  are  judged. 

A  bag  of  strong  canvas  or  leather  for  carrying  the  specimens  of 
rock- or  fossils. 

An  aneroid,  carefully  selected,  in  a  case  made  for  it,  by  which  the 
altitude  is  ascertained. 

A  camera  that  is  compact  and  not  too  cumbersome. 

Note  books  for  sketches  and  field  notes.     Sometimes  a  field  glass. 

Light  boots  with  hob  nails.  A  pedometer  is  sometimes  used  in 
registering  distances  paced. 


Seepages  in  Dakota  Sandstones  in  Alberta  on  East  slope  of 
Rocky  Mountains  with  conglomerate   underlying". 


32        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


Crest  of  anticline  exposed  by  erosion.  These 
views  show  the  texture  of  the  formation  in 
such  a  way  as  to  give  an  exact  idea  of  the 
way  the  oil  bearing1  strata  occur  at  dexith. 
Cn  account  of  exposure  all  oil  has  drained 
from  this  formation. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        33 

THE  COMPRESSION  OF  NATURAL  GAS  TO 
GASOLINE. 

The  compression  of  the  gases  from  oil  wells,  both  of  asphaltum 
and  of  paraffine  base,  is  now  commercially  successful.  Up  to  three 
years  ago  this  was  only  done  by  chemists  in  experiments  and  was  then 
thought  of,  by  .oil  operators,  as  not  practicable. 

Vast  quantities  of  gas,  running  up  into  the  hundreds  of  millions 
of  cubic  feet  per  day,  were  wasted  and  in  many  fields  are  yet  being 
wasted  for  lack  of  knowledge  (I  refrain  from  using  the  word  ignor- 
ance) on  the  part  of  the  oil  well  operators. 

Most  of  the  gases  contain  a  high  percentage  of  volatile  oils  which, 
by  compression  at  a  certain  temperature,  will  compress  to  gasoline  or 
benzine  and  the  remaining  gas,  which  is  dry,  can  still  be  used  for  fuel 
or  illuminating  purposes. 

The  wet,  or  "casing  head  gas,"  as  it  is  called,  usually  comes  from 
the  main  body  of  the  oil  and  is  one  of  the  favorable  indications  looked 
for  by  the  oil  man  as  to  whether  oil  exists  in  the  formation  in  which 
he  is  drilling. 

Sometimes  in  a  compact  sandstone  or  coarse  textured  sandy  shale 
this  gas  is  found  as  a  saturated  gas  in  the  form  of  a  high  grade  gaso- 
line, hundreds  of  feet  from  its  source,  being  compressed  by  natural 
conditions  which  are  now  copied  artificially,  i.  e.,  a  certain  pressure  at 
a  certain  temperature.  For  example :  A  test  plant  was  erected  by 
Irving  C.  Allen  and  G.  A.  Burrell  at  the  compressing  plant  of  the 
Penn.  Gasoline  Company  at  Follansbee,  West  Virginia,  U.  S.  A.,  which 
consisted  of  a  gas  engine,  a  small  compressor,  cooling  coils  of  ordinary 
one-inch  pipe  immersed  in  a  tank  for  holding  the  cooling  mixture  and 
a  storage  tank  made  of  six-inch  steel  tubing.  A  pressure  of  415  pounds 
at  a  temperature  of  2°  Centigrade  liquifies  practically  all  the  gas. 

430  Ibs.  at  4  degrees  Cent. 
506  Ibs.  at  9.1  degrees  Cent. 
600  Ibs.  at  77.5  "degrees  Cent. 

By  reverse  procedure,  a  gramme  of  liquid  will  yield  500  to  600  c.c. 
of  gas  at  0  Centigrade,  or  one  gallon  of  liquid  yields  50  cublr?  feet  of 
gas.  Higher  pressures  required  higher  temperatures.  It  is  to  be 
remembered  that  a  wet  gas  was  used — that  is,  a  gas  from  off  the  oil 
body.  About  2000  cubic  feet  of  gas  compressed  to  one  gallon  of  liquid. 

Sometimes  the  natural  gases  contain  lighter  products  that  do  not 


34        OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

liquify  with  the  first  compression.  It  is  then  passed  on  to  another 
compressor  and  even  to  a  fifth  compressor.  The  last  three  and  at  times 
the  last  four  products  are  not  liquid,  but  can  be  put  into  cylinders  and 
sold  for  consumption  for  illuminating  purposes,  as  a  compressed  gas, 
to  homes,  factories  and  establishments  that  are  not  accessible  to  pipe 
lines  from  the  sources  of  supply.  If  all  these  products,  both  oils  and 
gases,  were  more  universally  recognized  and  used  the  producer  and  the 
consumer  would  both  be  benefited. 

As  the  above  mentioned  experiments  were  carried  on  by  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Mines  to  increase  the  efficiency  in  the  production  of 
mineral  fuels,  they  are  worthy  of  note  and  study  by  the  oil  well  operators 
of  Alberta  and  all  other  parts  of  the  Globe  where  quantities  of  gas  are 
daily  being  wasted.  The  day  will  come,  and  I  believe  it  will  be  soon, 
when  the  governments  will  legislate  against  the  waste  of  natural  gases. 
ID.  fact,  legislation  of  a  very  strict  nature  on  this  point  has  already  been 
inaugurated  in  California.  There  is  no  new  gas  being  made  to 
replenish  the  rapidly  exhausting  deposits.  It  takes  ages  to  form  natur- 
ally— geological  ages  far  beyond  the  scope  of  man's  judging,  as  far  as 
time  figures. 

The  first  gas-gasoline  plant  in  California  was  established  in  1911. 
The  results  obtained  were  so  satisfactory  that  others  quickly  followed 
the  lead  of  that  company.  In  two  years'  time  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
one  gas-gasoline  compressor  plants  were  in  operation  in  the  United 
States,  with  a  total  production  difficult  to  ascertain.  California  alone 
produced  7,200,000  gallons  in  1912  from  ten  compressor  plants. 


One   of  the   camps   of  the  author   on  the  Athabaska   River  while 
g-athering-  data  on  the  geology  of  the  Alberta  fields. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        35 


DEEPEST  WELLS. 

The  deepest  drilled  hole  is  at  Czuchow,  Silesia,  and  was  drilled  to 
a  depth  of  7349  feet.  Surface  diameter,  17  inches ;  diameter  at  bottom, 
2  inches;  temperature  at  bottom,  182  degrees  Fahrenheit;  cost,  $18,- 
241.00;  duration  of  work,  eighteen  months. 

The  deepest  well  in  the  United  States  is  near  West  Elizabeth, 
Pennsylvania.  Depth,  5575  feet;  diameter  at  surface,  10  inches;  dia- 
meter at  bottom,  61/!  inches;  cost,  $40,000.00. 

(I  quote  Henry  P.  Westcott's  Handbook  of  Natural  Gas  for  the 
above  statements.) 


I 


**? 
;  ^ 


View  of  famous  Lakeview  Gusher  in  the  Midway 
Oil  Field,  California,  shooting  nearly  three  hun- 
dred feet  into  the  air.  This  well  produced  over 
10,000,000  barrels  of  oil  in  the  eighteen  months 
that  it  was  gushing-.  At  the  end  of  that  time  it 
stopped  producing1  as  suddenly  as  it  came  in. 
Later  it  was  redrilled  and  gave  a  daily  produc- 
tion on  the  pump  of  about  fifty  barrels. 


36       OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


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OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        37 


OIL  FIELDS 

OF 
NORTH  AMERICA 


38        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        39 


ALLEGHENY. 

The  Appalachian  Oil  Field  is  the  largest  in  area  of  any  in  the 
United  States. 

It  is  formed  of  a  Geo-Syncline  that  includes  portions  of  the  States 
of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee. 

The  rocks  are  chiefly  sandstones  with  some  limestones  which  are 
underlain  by  thick  beds  of  shale,  under  which  are  great  limestone  beds. 
The  sandstones  alone  are  from  1,500  to  2,500  feet  thick. 

This  great  trough  extends  over  parts  of  the  abovementioned  States 
and  covers  an  area  of  about  45,000  square  miles,  of  which  about  3800 
miles  are  producing.  The  producing  areas  consist  of  sands  underlying 
subordinate  anticlinal  folds  in  different  portions  of  the  great  trough. 
The  general  direction  of  the  producing  anticlines  is  northeast  by  south- 
west. 

The  wells  are  from  100  to  4000  feet  deep.  In  some  portions  there 
are  three  producing  sands,  the  deepest  usually  being  the  most  pro- 
ductive. 

The  oil  occurs  in  rocks  ranging  from  the  Carboniferous  system  to 
the  Devonian  system,  geologically. 

These  fields  reached  their  height  of  production  in  the  early  nine- 
ties and  it  was  in  these  fields  that  modern  systems  of  drilling  were  first 
developed.  Previous  to  their  discovery  the  use  of  drills  and  drilling 
machinery  were  unknown. 

The  first  man  to  foresee  the  proper  use  of  petroleum  was  Dr. 
Hildreth,  who  in  1826  wrote  an  article  which  was  published  in  one  of 
the  periodicals  of  the  day  in  which  he  said:  "This  product  offers 
great  resources  as  an  illuminating  agent  and  will  certainly  become  of 
great  utility  in  lighting  the  future  villages  of  Ohio." 

The  first  oil  used  for  illuminating  purposes  was  offered  for  sale 
about  1850  by  a  Pittsburg  druggist,  Samuel  Kier,  who  introduced  it 
as  Kier's  Petroleum  or  Rock  Oil.  It  came  from  a  well  about  400  feet 
deep  in  Alleghany  County,  Pennsylvania.  He  first  sold  it  as  a  curative 
for  human  ills.  It  was  a  failure  as  such  and  he  afterwards  sold  it  for 
illuminating  purposes,  which  later  proved  successful. 

Edwin  S.  Drake  in  1858  drilled  the  first  drilled  well  using  any- 
thing like  the  modern  system  of  tools.  He  encountered  difficulties,  each 
one  of  which  had  to  be  solved  without  precedent.  He  used  the  first 
iron  casing  ever  used  to  keep  out  the  water  and  to  hold  up  the  soft 


40        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

formation,  drilling,  as  they  do  nowadays,  inside  the  casing.  Three 
feet  per  day  was  the  average  drilled.  One  morning,  in  August,  1859, 
they  came  to  work  and  found  the  well  filled  with  oil. 

The  names  of  Drake  and  Billy  Smith,  his  driller,  are  and  will  be 
handed  down  in  history  as  the  discoverers  of  the  modern  drilling 
methods.  Others  have  improved  them  to  their  present  stage  of  per- 
fection. 

From  that  day  in  August  the  oil-drilling  industry  advanced  with 
giant  strides  to  one  of  the  great  industries  of  modern  times. 


One  of  the  camps  of  the  author  while  making-  his  geological 
examinations  in  British  Columbia. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        41 

TEXAS. 

The  Texas  Oil  Fields  were  first  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
general  public  early  in  the  year  1901,  although  discovered  sometime 
before  this.  Great  excitement  prevailed  at  the  time  of  this  discovery, 
as  a  result  of  which  vast  fortunes  were  made  and  lost  within  a  very 
short  period. 

Some  of  the  wrells  in  the  Spindle  Top  District  near  the  town  of 
Beaumont  were  enormous  gushers,  producing  from  75,000  to  100,000 
barrels  a  day. 

The  excitement  was  increased  by  the  fact  that  some  of  the  wells 
caught  fire,  resulting  in  enormous  and  spectacular  losses. 

This  district  probably  holds  the  record  for  rapid  production  in 
the  United  States,  for,  as  gusher  after  gusher  was  brought  in,  the 
public  went  stock  crazy  and  poured  out  millions  of  dollars  for  develop- 
ment and  production  purposes,  demanding  nothing  else  but  feverish 
efforts  at  well  drilling,  in  consequence  of  which  wells  were  drilled  in 
all  localities  regardless  of  geological  conditions. 

In  some  parts  of  the  field  the  network  of  derricks  was  so  close  that 
some  were  braced  against  others  for  lack  of  space  to  brace  otherwise. 
On  one  small  plot  of  less  than  two  hundred  acres  two  hundred  and 
eighty  derricks  were  in  operation  at  one  time. 

So  great  was  the  drain  upon  the  producing  .section  that  the  pro- 
duction rapidly  dwindled.  This  field,  which  produced  the  extraordi- 
nary volume  of  34,000,000  barrels  in  four  years,  shortly  after  became 
a  field  of  medium  size  wells,  all  of  which  had  to  be  pumped. 

A  great  many  of  the  wells  indiscriminately  located  produced 
nothing.  In  fact,  so  soon  as  the  field  was  subjected  to  careful  geo- 
logical examination  it  was  discovered  that  the  possible  producing  area 
was  limited  to  about  three  hundred  acres  and  no  oil  has  been  found 
outside  the  designated  territory. 

The  Texas  oil  is  of  an  asphaltum  base,  fairly  high  grade,  and  com- 
mands a  good  price. 

The  formation  is  principally  a  porous  dolamitic  limestone  of  the 
Cretaceous  period. 

As  a  result  of  these  discoveries,  attention  was  directed  to  a  part 
of  Texas  which  was  formerly  relatively  unimportant.  A  number  of 
towns  sprung  up,  the  chief  of  which  is  Beaumont.  The  seaport  of  Port 
Arthur  came  into  existence  principally  as  a  result  of  the  oil  discovery. 
Pour  railroads  were  built  into  the  territory  in  addition  to  pipe  lines. 

A  new  system  of  pumping  was  installed  and  wells — as  many  as 
thirty  or  forty — are  pumped  by  one  engine,  which  greatly  minimizes 
the  cost.  New  drilling  systems  were  invented  and  new  methods  for 
fire  prevention  and  suppression  were  devised ;  also  a  new  invention  for 
capping  wells. 

The  average  depth  of  the  Texas  wells  is  900  to  1000  feet. 


42        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


Lakeview  Gusher,  Midway  Oil  Field,  California,  after  it  had 
demolished  derrick  and  covered  everything1  near  it  with 
sand  from  the  well.  At  the  time  this  picture  was  taken 
the  oil  was  still  shooting*  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet 
into  the  air  through  a  large  pool  of  oil  that  had  formed 
around  the  top  of  the  well. 


OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        43 

CALIFORNIA. 

The  principal  California  oil  belt  is  about  fifty  miles  long  and 
from  ten  to  seventeen  miles  wide.  It  is  the  old  Sunset,  Maricopa,  Mid- 
way and  comparatively  new  North  Midway  fields  connected  by  continu- 
ous development  from  one  to  the  other.  All  are  now  considered  as  one 
big  field  which  is  commonly  known  as  Midway. 

In  some  places  there  are  three  parallel  anticlines  from  which  oil 
and  gas  are  extracted. 

Salt  water  in  large  quantities  comes  from  the  wells  in  the  syn- 
clines,  which  are  parallel  to  the  anticlines. 

The  reservoir  of  the  oil  is  a  fine-grained  marine  sand,  which  is 
sometimes  thrown  up  with  the  oil  and  plugs  the  well. 

The  deepest  well  is  5200  feet  and  had  such  a  gas  pressure  that  it 
blew  the  tools  out  of  the  well  many  times  before  a  method  for  keeping 
them  in  the  hole  was  discovered. 

Gushers  of  all  sizes,  as  well  as  flowing  and  pumping  wells,  have 
been  brought  in  in  this  field.  The  greatest  gusher  was  the  Lakeview, 
which  came  in  with  an  initial  production  of  40,000  barrels  per  day. 
This  increased  until  it  reached  the  high  figure  of  90,000  per  day. 
From  this  amount  the  production  decreased  until  it  was  5000  per  day. 
While  producing  at  about  this  last  rate  just  eighteen  months  to  the 
day  after  it  came  in  it  suddenly  stopped  on  account  of  caving  in  at  the 
bottom.  It  has  been  redrilled  and  has  since  been  pumping  at  the  rate 
of  about  fifty  barrels  per  day.  The  Standard,  Associated,  K.  T.  &  0., 
Honolulu  Consolidated  and  others  have  all  brought  in  gushers  that 
have  produced  all  the  way  from  20,000  to  50,000  barrels  per  day. 

The  Coalinga  Field  in  Fresno  County  has  been  a  producer  of  more 
than  2,000,000  barrels  per  month.  The  Midway  and  Coalinga  fields 
are  the  largest.  In  addition  to  these  are  the  Kern  River,  Santa  Maria, 
Los  Angeles,  Whittier-Fullerton  and  a  number  of  other  smaller  fields, 
all  giving  a  present  production  of  something  over  8,000,000  barrels 
per  month. 

The  California  oil  is  dark  and  heavy,  with  an  asphaltum  base,  and 
commands  a  price  of  from  40c  to  $1.20  per  barrel  in  the  field. 

The  California  product,  being  of  an  asphaltum  base,  is  not  all 
refined.  Much  of  it  is  piped  to  the  seaports,  where  it  is  pumped  into 
tank  steamers  in  the  crude  state  and  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  World. 
In  its  crude  state  it  is  also  extensively  used  in  locomotives,  most  of  the 
railroads  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  using  this  form  of  fuel  exclu- 
sively. Great  progress,  however,  has  taken  place  in  the  refining  of 
California  oil  in  the  last  few  years.  After  the  lighter  parts,  such  as 
benzine,  gasoline,  naphtha,  kerosene  and  sometimes  lubricating  oils 
have  been  taken  off,  the  residue  is  used  for  fuel,  making  a  much  better 
product  for  this  purpose  than  the  crude.  When  it  is  refined  to  the 


44        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

extent  that  it  is  too  low  grade  even  for  fuel  the  residue  is  used  for 
road-making  purposes,  it  being  one  of  the  most  valuable  products  avail- 
able for  this  purpose.  A  very  large  industry  has  grown  up  in  this 
branch  of  California  oil. 

There  are  three  pipe  lines  from  the  California  fields,  varying  from 
200  to  400  miles  in  length.  Pumping  stations  occur  at  frequent  inter- 
vals, which  relay  the  oil  from  station  to  station. 

In  parts  of  the  Midway  field  in  California  more  than  a  thousand 
oil  derricks  can  be  counted  from  one  position. 

The  average  derrick  is  84  feet  high  and  a  25-horsepower  engine 
is  usually  used.  For  drilling,  steam  power  is  generally  used,  the  steam 
being  generated  by  the  use  of  oil  or  gas,  or  both,  under  the  boilers. 
In  a  few  instances  the  gas  engine  and  the  electric  motor  have  been 
used.  For  pumping,  the  electric  motor  and  the  gas  engine  have  come 
into  quite  general  use. 

Some  of  the  wells  furnish  gas  for  other  wells  for  fuel,  from  which 
a  large  profit  is  derived,  the  usual  charge  being  about  $200.00  per 
month  for  each  well. 

The  discovery  of  oil  in  these  fields  has,  within  a  few  years,  brought 
in  the  railroad,  telegraph,  telephone,  water  pipe  lines,  eight  towns, 
numbers  of  schools  and  public  institutions,  and  gives  employment  to 
thousands  of  men  in  a  district  that  was  formerly  an  empty  desert. 


Seepages  from  top  of  Dakota  and  bottom  of  Benton  forma- 
tions, Alberta,  Canada.  These  seepages  have  been  ex- 
posed for  thousands  of  years,  hence  the  oil  is  inspissated 
and  only  the  residue  remains. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        45 


MEXICO. 

The  Tampico  Oil  Fields  enjoy  the  distinction  of  being  the  only  sea- 
board oil  fields  in  the  World. 

These  fields  are  situated  on  the  coastal  plains  of  Mexico,  which 
affords  an  easy  means  of  outlet  for  the  oil.  This  enables  the  convenient 
accumulation  of  the  production  of  the  Tampico  fields  at  one  central 
point,  this  point  being  the  port  of  Tampico,  where  a  fine  harbor  exists 
and  the  seagoing  vessels  of  the  World  find  safe  harborage.  The  accom- 
modations for  all  classes  of  ocean-going  vessels  at  Tampico  are  on  a  par 
with  such  harbors  as  New  York  and  San  Francisco. 

The  full  significance  of  this  convenient  situation  is  appreciated  when 
it  is  considered  that  there  is  a  great  oil  field  practically  at  seaboard. 
Geographically,  a  better  location  for  the  building  of  an  oil  port  city 
could  not  have  been  selected  than  where  Tampico  is  built,  affording  as 
it  does  a  ready  entry  into  the  markets  of  the  World.  It  furnishes  the 
products  of  the  oil  fields  a  direct  line  to  Europe,  a  direct  line  to  New 
York  and  all  Atlantic  Coast  ports  of  North  America,  a  direct  line  to 
all  the  Atlantic  Coast  ports  of  South  America  and,  on  the  completion 
of  the  Panama  Canal,  a  direct  line  into  the  Pacific  and  the  Oriental 
markets. 

The  demand  for  this  oil  is  already  indicated  by  the  prices  received 
even  at  this  early  stage  of  the  field's  development.  For  instance,  the 
Doheny  interests  some  time  ago  closed  a  contract  for  two  and  one-half 
million  barrels  from  their  Dos  Bocas-Casino  wells,  receiving  therefore 
92%c  per  barrel.  This  is  an  unusually  good  price,  when  it  is  consid- 
ered that  the  gravity  of  the  oil  runs  from  20°  to  22°. 

IMMENSE  OIL  RESERVES. 

There  has  been  no  attempt  as  yet  to  estimate  the  enormous  oil 
reserves  contained  in  the  measures  of  the  Tampico  region.  The  phe- 
nomenal wells  that  have  been  brought  in  at  widely  separated  points 
show  the  general  saturation  of  an  extensive  area.  The  prevalence  of. 
live  oil  seepages  over  a  strip  of  country  60  miles  wide  and  extending 
100  miles  north  of  Tampico  and  130  miles  south  is  an  indication  as  to 
the  magnitude  of  the  field.  Furthermore,  these  seepages  do  not  confine 
themselves  to  any  straight  lines,  but  rather  are  dispersed  throughout 
the  region  at  frequent  intervals,  demonstrating  a  general  occurrence  of 
the  oil.  In  other  words,  these  seepages  are  interspersed  throughout 
a  region  having  an  extent  of  60  miles  in  width  by  over  200  miles  in 
length.  The  exudations  from  these  seepages,  in  many  instances,  have 


46        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

caused  the  accumulation  of  extensive  residuum  asphaltic  deposits.  The 
active  state  of  many  of  these  seepages  shows  the  oil  is  still  accumu- 
lating from  the  original  source  and,  where  wells  have  been  sunk  in  the 
vicinity  of  some  of  these  seepages,  enormous  producers  have  been 
brought  in.  In  fact,  the  capacity  of  some  of  the  wells  is  so  great  as 
to  be  difficult  of  belief.  The  more  prominent  of  these  may  be  described 
somewhat  in  detail. 

FAMOUS    MEXICAN    GUSHERS. 

Two  wells  owned  by  the  Doheny  interests  drilled  at  Juan  Casiano 
are  producing  respectively  15,000  and  20,000  barrels  daily.  The  oil 
from  these  wells  is  of  20°  to  22°  in  gravity  and  they  lie  on  the  well- 
known  Dos  Bocas-Casiano  anticline,  which  begins  at  tidewater  and 
extends  for  50  miles  inland.  This  belt  is  the  most  promising  of  any  in 
Mexico,  the  famous  Dos  Bocas  Gusher  having  been  brought  in  on  the 
north  dip  of  this  anticline.  The  gravity  of  the  oil  here  is  higher  and 
the  gas  pressure  greater  than  in  any  of  the  other  fields.  The  pressure 
is  enormous,  far  exceeding  that  in  the  famous  Midway  belt  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Dos  Bocas  Gusher  has  stood  out  strong  in  the  romance  of  oil 
history  since  and  before  its  destruction  by  its  own  pent-up  energy. 
Descriptive  writers  have  enlarged  upon  this  wonderful  well,  which,  at 
its  zenith,  spurted  oil  1500  feet  into  the  air,  and  is  estimated  to  have 
thrown  over  9,000,000  barrels  of  oil  before  it  destroyed  itself.  This 
stupendous  production  would  have  been  equivalent  to  1000  barrels  per 
day  for  25  years.  It  began  to  gush  on  July  the  4th,  1908,  and  all 
efforts  to  control  it  were  futile.  It  finally  tore  a  hole  in  the  Earth 
which  is  now  a  lake  of  water  23  acres  in  extent.  This  well  was  brought 
in  by  the  Pearsons. 

The  Pearsons  have  also  brought  in  another  huge  gusher  to  the 
southwest  of  this  well  known  as  the  El  Potrero  gusher.  This  well  was 
brought  in  on  the  27th  day  of  December,  1910,  and  before  it  was  con- 
trolled, over  a  million  barrels  of  oil  escaped  into  the  Tuxpam  River. 

This  well,  for  a  time,  gushed  an  8-inch  column  of  oil  to  a  height 
of  197  meters,  or  640  feet.  The  daily  flow  kept  increasing  until  the 
middle  of  March,  1911,  when  it  was  estimated  to  be  flowing  from 
75,000  to  80,000  barrels  per  day.  This  oil  is  also  of  a  good  grade,  22° 
gravity,  having  an  asphalt-paraffine  base. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        47 

THE   VARIOUS  FIELDS. 

The  Tampico  field,  as  a  whole,  is  divided  into  several  separate 
fields  or  local  subdivisions.  These,  with  the  conditions  which  prevail 
in  each,  are  described  in  brief  as  follows: 

SOTO  MARINA  FIELD. 

The  Soto  Marina  field  is  the  northernmost  field  of  all  the  Tampico 
fields.  It  borders  the  coast  and  extends  along  the  ocean  for  about  60 
miles.  Its  width  is  as  yet  undetermined.  There  are  numerous  oil  seep- 
ages occurring  throughout  this  field  and  a  few  wells  are  being  drilled 
which  probably  foreshadows  the  development  of  this  region  on  an 
extensive  scale.  The  oil  is  heavy,  having  an  asphaltic  base. 

EBANO    FIELD. 

The  Ebano  field  is  the  next  field  lying  south  of  the  Soto  Marina 
field  and  back  of  the  port  of  Tampico.  It  is  reached  by  the  Mexican 
Central  Railroad,  a  distance  of  60  miles,  to  where  the  wells  of  the  Mexi- 
can Petroleum  Company  are  located. 

It  was  here  in  the  Ebano  field  that  the  first  developments  in 
Mexico  were  conducted.  Messrs.  Doheny  and  Canfield  of  California 
organized  the  Mexican  Petroleum  Company  and  successfully  developed 
this  field.  The  oil  is  of  low  gravity  with  asphaltic  base. 

DOS    BOCAS-CASIANO    FIELD. 

The  Dos  Bocas-Casiano  field  lies  south  of  the  port  of  Tampico. 
Beginning  from  tidewater,  it  extends  fifty,  or  more,  miles  inland. 
Numerous  seepages  occur  throughout  this  field  and  the  oil  is  of  light 
gravity  and  very  suitable  for  refining. 

This  field  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  home  of  the  famous 
Dos  Bocas  Gusher,  hereinbefore  described.  The  Dos  Bocas-Casiano 
field  is  an  intermediate  field  lying  between  the  two  northern  fields  just 
described  and  two  other  fields  to  the  south  to  be  described. 

CERRO  VIE  JO  FIELD. 

This  field  lies  south  of  the  Dos  Bocas-Casiano  field  and  is  of  great 
promise  because  of  the  phenomenal  gushers  which  have  been  brought 
in.  The  El  Potrero  Gusher  broke  loose  with  an  initial  capacity  of 
from  30,000  to  40,000  barrels,  and  within  a  few  days  reached  a  daily 
capacity  variously  estimated  at  75,000  to  100,000  barrels.  A  large  part 
of  this  oil  escaped  and  flowed  down  the  Tuxpam  River  to  the  sea,  cov- 


48        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

ering  the  surface  of  the  ocean  for  miles  in  extent,  but  the  well  was 
finally  controlled.  The  oil  is  of  the  light  variety.  Pipe-lines  have  been 
built  to  convey  the  production  of  this  field  to  steel  storage  tanks  placed 
at  tidewater,  harbor  improvements  having  been  put  in  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tuxpam  River,  which  will  afford  proper  shipping  facilities  to  the 
various  foreign  markets.  This  field  has  been  chiefly  developed  by  the 
Pearson  interests. 

FURBERO    FIELD. 

The  Furbero  field  lies  about  60  miles  south  of  Tuxpam.  A  number 
of  wells  have  been  drilled  in  this  field  and  considerable  production 
obtained,  but  some  difficulty  was  encountered  in  transporting  the  oil 
to  the  coast  until  Pearson  &  Sons  laid  a  pipe-line  from  the  wells  to 
Tuxpam,  where  they  loaded  tank  steamers  from  a  deep-sea  pipe  and 
used  the  oil  at  their  refinery.  This,  to  date,  marks  the  southern  bound- 
ary of  the  Tampico  fields. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  that  the  most  important  oil- 
bearing  region  in  the  Tampico  fields  includes  the  Dos  Bocas-Casiano 
field  and  the  Cerro  Vie  jo  field. 

This  region  has  been  pronounced  by  the  World's  most  competent 
oil  experts  to  be  the  best  and  most  extensive  of  all  the  oil  regions  of 
Mexico. 

This  has  been  shown  to  be  the  "true  gusher  belt"  of  Mexico,  and 
the  majority  of  the  wells  drilled  recently  have  been  large  producers 
and  the  majority  of  those  to  be  drilled  in  the  future,  likewise,  are 
expected  to  be  of  the  gusher  class  and  of  large  capacity. 

Numerous  seepages  show  the  general  occurrence  of  oil  underlying 
this  region.  Many  of  these  seepages  are  giving  out  high  grade  oil 
which  has  been  marketed  for  many  years  for  lubricating  purposes 
just  as  it  comes  from  the  ground. 

FORMATIONS   AND   DRILLING   CONDITIONS. 

Another  advantage  of  this  section  is  the  favorable  character  of  the 
formation  and  the  cheapness  with  which  wells  can  be  drilled.  The 
fact  is  more  or  less  true  that  most  all  wells  in  Mexico  are  cheaply 
drilled.  The  maximum  depth  to  the  oil  strata  in  this  section  approxi- 
mates 2000  feet,  and  wells  have  been  contracted  for  $10,000  apiece 
where  the  depth  reaches  this  point,  while  those  of  a  lesser  depth  are 
put  down  proportionately  cheaper. 

The  chief  formations  in  this  field  are  shales  and  sand  layers. 
These  sand  layers  range  up  to  several  hundred  feet  in  thickness  and 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        49 

form  the  reservoirs  for  the  oil.  These  layers  are  very  porous,  thus 
affording  great  storage  capacity  for  oil.  The  shale  is  not  too  hard  to 
drill  and,  yet,  not  so  soft  as  to  cave.  It  stands  up  well,  and  holes  are 
often  put  down  in  this  formation  without  casing  until  the  capping  to 
the  oil  sand  is  reached.  The  casing  is  then  let  in  and  the  cap-rock 
penetrated,  whereupon  the  pent-up  gas  pressure  causes  the  oil  to  gush. 
Throughout  this  region  a  gusher  may  be  expected  in  all  properly 
located  wells,  as  the  character  of  the  formations  of  this  region,  together 
with  the  position  in  which  they  lie,  furnished  the  proper  condition  for 
the  accumulation  of  the  oil  and  gas  under-pressure. 

GEOLOGY  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  FIELDS. 

THE  EBANO  FIELD. 

The  principal  geological  features  which  prevail  in  the  Ebano  field 
are  a  succession  of  shale  and  calcareous  strata  overlaying  limestone 
beds,  all  being  penetrated  by  Tertiary  igneous  rocks. 

Due  to  the  low  topographical  character  of  this  region,  a  large  part 
of  the  sedimentary  rocks  are  buried  beneath  surface  clays  and  silt 
deposits.  The  underlying  Cretaceous  is  considerably  folded,  the  folds 
often  being  sharp,  while  the  overlaying  strata  shows  but  slight  folding. 
The  general  dip  of  the  formations  in  the  Ebano  field  is  to  the  south- 
east. The  dip  in  these  top  measures  is  usually  of  low  angle. 

Petroleum  is  indicated  by  surface  exudations.  Oil  rises  to  the 
surface  in  some  of  the  water  courses  and  is  carried  down  stream  con- 
siderable distance,  while  the  exudations  which  occur  on  the  land  sur- 
faces evaporate,  losing  their  lighter  qualities,  forming  .residual  or 
asphaltic  deposits.  The  occurrence  of  oil  throughout  this  region  is 
somewhat  irregular  and  the  results  obtained  from  any  one  well  can 
not  be  relied  upon  as  indicative  of  conditions  to  be  met  in  adjacent 
territory.  The  productive  zone  is  confined  to  fault  lines  so  that  wells, 
to  be  successful,  should  be  drilled  upon  or  very  close  to  these  faults,  or, 
as  in  some  instances,  in  or  near  vents  connected  with  features  of  an 
igneous  character. 

This  field  has  produced  to  date  a  heavy  yield  of  low  gravity  oil 
which  has  been  largely  used  in  supplying  the  Mexican  Railway  system. 
Some  of  it  has  been  refined  with  more  or  less  success,  but,  since  the 
bringing  in  of  the  large  gushers  in  the  Dos  Bocas-Casiano  field,  Mr. 
Doheny,  who  is  responsible  for  the  development  of  the  Ebano  field, 
has  practically  diverted  his  efforts  to  the  more  southerly  Dos  Bocas- 
Casiano  field,  where  the  yield  is  not  only  infinitely  greater  but  the  oil 
is  of  high  gravity  and  more  suitable  for  refining  purposes. 


50        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

DOS  BOCAS-CASIANO   FIELD. 

This  field  has  a  distinct  geological  definition,  the  oil-bearing  strata 
being  exposed  along  a  chain  of  low  hills  having  an  easterly-westerly 
trend,  which  can  be  traced  for  over  fifty  miles. 

There  is  no  difficulty  in  investigation  along  these  hills,  as  the 
formation  has  been  uplifted  during  recent  disturbances,  showing  the 
stratified  rocks  dipping  with  more  or  less  regularity  away  from  them. 
These  stratified  rocks  are  largely  made  up  of  limestone,  sandstone  and 
shale  measures.  The  layers  of  sandstone  are  loose,  ranging  from  30  to 
100  feet  in  thickness  and  are  very  porous,  thus  affording  great  storage 
capacity  for  oil.  Intrusive  rocks  outcrop  at  various  places  along  these 
hills  and  there  are  numerous  oil  seepages  in  the  vicinity  of  these  intru- 
sive rocks  and  at  the  axis  of  anticlines. 

The  oil  from  these  seepages  ranges  in  gravity  from  14°  to  18°  (B). 
This  field,  without  doubt,  is  destined  to  become  highly  productive,  as 
is  indicated  by  the  developments  at  Juan  Casiano,  where  the  Huasteca 
Oil  Company,  better  known  as  the  Doheny  interests,  has  brought  in 
some  very  successful  wells. 

CERRO  VIEJO  FIELD. 

The  Cerro  Viejo  field  lies  to  the  south  of  the  Dos  Bocas-Casiano 
field  just  described,  and  in  a  measure  parallels  it,  lying  as  it  does  on 
the  opposite  side  of  a  mountainous  elevation  which  divides  the  two 
fields.  The  character  of  the  formations  and  the  oil  which  they  yield 
are  largely  similar  in  each.  Shale  and  sandstone  strata  penetrated  by 
intrusive  rocks  are  the  chief  geological  features  of  the  district.  The 
existence  of  oil  is  proven  in  a  great  part  of  the  region  by  numerous  oil 
seepages.  Very  successful  wells  have  been  drilled  in  this  region  and 
one  in  particular,  the  El  Potrero,  stands  today  as  the  record  well  of 
Mexico  since  the  unfortunate  destruction  of  the  Dos  Bocas  Gusher  by 
fire.  It  is  believed,  from  a  study  of  the  general  character  of  the  forma- 
tions throughout  this  region,  that  a  number  of  wells  of  this  high  type 
can  be  brought  in.  There  are  a  number  of  good  producing  wells 
besides  the  large  gusher  mentioned,  and  they  all  indicate  the  high 
character  of  the  oil-bearing  formations  in  this  part  of  the  Tampico 
region. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        51 

MATERIAL  FOR  STANDARD  82-Ft.  DERRICK  20-Ft.  BASE. 

PCS. 

1_  14  x  14  x  14  x  30  x  26  ft.  0.   P.   Beam 

1  —  22  x  24  x     9  ft.  0.  P.  Engine  Block  , 

1  —  16  x  16  x  30  ft.  0.  P.  Main  Sill  

1  —  16  x  16  x  20  ft.  0.  P.  Sub  Sill 

1  —  16  x  16  x  16  ft.  O.  P.  Sampson  Post  

1  —  16  x  16  x  14  ft.  0.  P.  Jack  Post 

6  — 14  x  14  x  16  ft.  0.  P.  Mud  Sills  

1  —  14  x  14  x  16  ft.  0.  P.  Tail  Sills  

1  —  14  x  14  x  20  ft.  0.  P.  Blocking  

2  —  14  x  14  x  14  ft.  0.  P.  Casing  Sills  

3  — 14  x  14  x  12  ft.  0.  P.  Pony  Sills 

2  — 12  x  12  x  24  ft.  0.  P.  Bull  Wheel  and  Calf  Wheel  Post 

1  —  12  x  12  x  20  ft.  0.  P.  Back  Brake  

1  —  12  x  12  x  14  ft.  0.  P.  Bumpers  

1—  8  x     8  x  26  ft.  0.  P.  Bunting   Pole   

2—  8  x     8  x  22  ft.  0.  P.  Side  Sills  

11-  8  x     8  x  22  ft,  0.  P.  Derrick  Sills  

2-     6  x     6  x  20  ft.  0.  P.  Dead  Men 

2-     6  x     6  x  18  ft.  0.  P.  Jack   Post    Braces 

1--    6  x     6  x  16  ft,  0.  P.  Calf  Wheel  Braces  

5-     6  x     6  x  14  ft.  0.  P.  Sampson  Post  Braces  

5_   4  x     6  x  16  ft.  0.  P.  Short     Braces : 

2  — 16  x  16  x  16  ft.  O.  P.  Crown  Block  

1--    5  x  16  x  12  ft.  0.  P.  Knuckle   Post   

1  -      6  x     6  x     6  x  16  x  12  ft.  O.  P.  Pitman  

1--    5  x     5  x     5  x  14  x  12  ft.  0.  P.  Swing  Lever  

4—    3  x  12  x  18  ft.  0.  P.  S.  4  S.  Bullwheel  Arms 

2—    3  x  12  x  16  ft.  O.  S.  S.  4  S.  Calf  wheel  Arms 

16--  2  x  12  x  20  ft.  O.  P.  S.  1  S.  Band  Wheel 

54-  2  x  12  x  20  ft.  0.  P.  Derrick  Foundation  

8—  2  x  12  x  18  ft.  0.  P.  Girts 

8-  2  x  12  x  16  ft.  0.  P.  Girts 

4—  2  x  12  x  14  ft.  0.  P.  Girts 

32--  2  x  12  x  24  ft.  0.  P.  Doublers 

6--  2  x  10  x  26  ft.  0.  P.  Starting  Legs  

5--  2  x  10  x  18  ft.  0.  P.  Short  Starting  Legs 

48--  2  x  10  x  16  ft.  0.  P.  Derrick   Legs    

1  -  -  2  x     8  x  26  ft.  0.  P.  Bunting  Pole  to  Jack  Post 

12-  2  x     8  x  18  ft.  0.  P.  Derrick   Roof   

5-  2  x     6  x  26  ft.  0.  P.  Belt   House   

17--    2  x     6  x  20  ft.  0.  P.  Braces     

8--  2  x  6  x  18  ft.  0.  P.  Braces  

12-  2  x  6  x  16  ft.  0.  P.  Braces  

2-  2  x  6  x  14  ft.  0.  P.  Engine  House  

3--  2  x  6  x  12  ft.  0.  P.  Engine  House  

20—  2  x  4  x  16  ft.  O.  P.  Ladders  

3  —  2  x  4  x  14  ft.  0.  P,  Engine  House  .. 


52        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


3  — 

2 

X 

4 

x 

12 

ft 

O 

P 

Engine  House 

30- 

T 

X 

12 

x 

20 

ft, 

O 

P 

Boarding  Up 

146  — 

1 

X 

12 

X 

16 

ft 

O 

P 

Girts   .... 

50  — 

1 

X 

12 

x 

14 

ft 

O 

P 

Engine  House 

60  — 

1 

X 

12 

x 

12 

ft 

O 

P 

Boarding  Up 

60  — 

1 

X 

6 

x 

16 

ft 

O 

P 

Braces     ... 

2  — 

5 

X 

6 

x 

16 

ft 

O 

P 

Oak  Top  of  Crown  Block 

1  — 

2 

X 

12 

X 

16 

ft. 

Oa 

k 

rl 

^op  of  Beam... 

Jn 


A  derrick  for  standard  drilling  rig-  without  calf  wheel.  The  plan  for  floor  timbers  is  also 
shown.  The  floor  construction  is  shown  with  location  of  bull  wheel,  belt  wheel  and 
sand  reel.  The  construction  of  bull  wheels  and  belt  wheel  is  also  shown. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        53 

STANDARD  CABLE  TOOL  EQUIPMENT. 

To  Drill  to  3000  Feet. 
CASING  : 

300  ft.  15y2-in.  70-lb.,  10th  Coalinga  special  Steel  Casing. 

1000  ft.  12i/2-in.,  40-lb.,  Coalinga  special  Steel  Casing. 

2000  ft.  10-in.,  40-lb.,  Coalinga  special  Steel  Casing. 

2500  ft.  8i/4-in.,  32-lb.  or  28-lb.,  Coalinga  special  Steel  Casing. 

3000  ft.  61/4-in.,  24-lb.  or  20-lb.,  Coalinga  special  Steel  Casing. 
RIG  IRONS: 

1  Set  6-in.  x  7  ft.  6  in.  Ex.  heavy  California  Rig  Irons  with  Patent 
Calf  wheel  attachment  and  D  D  Sand  Reel. 

1  Set  Double  Tug  Cants,  complete. 

1  Set  Rig  Iron  Bolts  and  Washers,  Guy  Wire  and  Nails. 
ENGINE  AND  BOILER: 

1  12  x  12  30  h.p.  Steam  Drilling  Engine  complete. 

1  12  x  6-ply  90  ft.  Stitched  Rubber  Belt. 

3  Pr.  12-in.  Belt  Clamps. 

1  2  Gt.  C.  I.  Lubricator. 

1  150-ft.  Telegraph  Cord. 

1  Telegraph  Wheel. 

1  40  h.p.  Canadian  Type  Boiler  complete  with  stock  and  fixtures. 

16x4x6  Boiler  Feed  Pump. 

1  "C"  Penberthy  Injector. 
CORDAGE  AND  WIRE  LINES: 

1  2i4-in.  x  1500-ft.  Manila  Cable,  Est.  Wt.  2800  Ibs. 

2  2i/2-in.  x  90-ft.  Bull  Ropes,  Est.  Wt.  400  Ibs. 
1  1-in.  x  3500-ft.   Steel  Drilling  Cables. 

1  9/16-in.  x  3500-ft.  Steel  Sand  Line. 

1  %-in.  x  100-ft.  Steel  Casing  Line. 

6  1-in.  Wire  Rope  Clips. 

6  9/16-in.  Wire  Rope  Clips. 

6  %-in.  Wire  Rope  Clips. 
300  ft.  %-in.  Manila  Rope,  Est.  Wt.  75  Ibs. 
300  ft.  1-in.  Manila  Rope,  Est.  Wt.  120  Ibs. 
LARGE  STRING  DRILLING  TOOLS: 

(All  joints  3%  x  41/4—7  1  &  H  5  in.  Sq.) 

1  15i/2-in.  x  6-ft.  Ail-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  1250  Ibs. 

2  12i/2-in.  x  6-ft.  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  2000  Ibs. 
2  10-in.  x  6-ft.  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  1500  Ibs. 

2  8^/4-in.  x  6-ft.  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  1200  Ibs. 
1  Set  Tool  Gauges  for  above. 


54        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

1  5-in.  x  30-ft.  Stem. 

1  5-in.  x  10-ft.  Sinker. 

1  Set  6i/4-in.  x  8-in.  Stroke  Jars. 

1  Set  614-in.  x  8-in.  Stroke  Jars,  24-in.  head. 

1  2i/4-in.  New  Era  Rope  Socker. 

1  1-in.  Solid  Wire  Rope  Socker. 

1  6-in.  D.  S.  Casing  Hook. 

1  12%-in.  Under-reamer. 

1  10-in.  Under-reamer. 

1  S^-in.  Under-reamer. 

1  Extra  set  each  size  cutters  for  above. 

1  Set  314  x  414—7  5-in.  sq.  Box  and  Pin  Joints. 

1  Sub  3%  x  41/4—7  Box  to  234  x  334—7  Pin. 

1  Sub  23/4  x  33/4—7  Box  to  314  x  414—7  Pin. 

1  11-in.  x  19-ft.  B.  &  D.  Boiler. 

1  9-in.  x  20-ft.  B.  &  D.  Boiler. 

1  7-in.  x  20-ft.  B.  &  D.  Boiler. 

1  Set  Mogul  Casing  Tongs  and  Jaws  for  15y2,  12y2,  10,  8%  and 

6i/4-in.  Casing. 

1  Set  Kellerman  Back-up  Tongs. 
1  Set  5-in.  350-lb.  Tool  Wrenches. 
1  Spider,  liner  and  slips  for  15i/2-in.,  12i/2-in.,  10-in.,  81,4-in.  and 

6i/4-in.  Casing. 

1  15%-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 
1  12i/2-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 
1  10-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 
1  81,4-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 
1  15%-in.  x  16  x  li/4-in.  Baker  Casing  Shoe. 
1  12i/2-in.  x  16  x  1%-in.  Baker  Casing  Shoe. 
1  10-in.  x  16  x  1-in.  Baker  Casing  Shoe. 
1  8!/4-in.  x  16  x  1-in.  Baker  Casing  Shoe. 
1  15i/2-in.  x  16  x  li/4-in.  Common  Casing  Shoe. 
1  12i/2-in.  x  16  x  l!/4-in.  Common  Casing  Shoe. 
1  10-in.  x  16  x  1-in.  Common  Casing  Shoe. 
1  8i/4-in.  x  16  x  1-in.  Common  Casing  Shoe. 
1  Set  5-in.  (6  x  6  x  22-in.  material)  Drive  Clamps. 
1  D.  C.  Wrench  for  above. 
1  Set  Extra  D.  C.  Bolts. 

1  No.  2  Barrett  Jack  and  Circle,  complete  with  extra  handle. 
1  1  x  6  x  12  Derrick  Crane. 
1  2-Ton  Moore  Anti-Friction  Hoist. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        55 

1  2-in.  x  6-ft.  B  B  Temper  Screw  with  2i4-in.  Manila  Rope  Clamps. 

1  1-in.  Wire  Rope  Temper  Screw  Clamps. 

1  5-in.  Barrett  Swivel  Wrench  with  4-in.  Bushings. 

1  Set  151/2-in.  Fairs  Mannington  Imp.  Elevators  with  21/4-in.  links. 

1  Set  121/2-in.  Fairs  Mannington  Imp.  Elevators  with  2V4-in.  links. 

1  Set  10-     in.  Fairs  Mannington  Imp.  Elevators  with  21/4-in.  links. 

1  Set    8V4-in.  Fairs  Mannington  Imp.  Elevators  with  21/4-in.  links. 

1  Set  15%-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 

1  Set  12%-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 

1  Set  10-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 

1  Set  8^4-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 

1  32-in.  Triple  Bronze  Bushed  Steel  Casing  Block. 

1  26-in.  Steel  Snatch  Block. 

1  0.  K.  Spudding  Shoe. 

1  8^-in.  or  10-in.  special  1500-lb.  Gate  Valve  to  drill  through. 

STRING  SMALL  TOOLS: 

(Joints  2%  x  3%— 7  I  &  H  4  in.  sq.) 

2  6i/4-in.  x  6-ft.  Ail-Steel  Bits. 
1  61/4-in.  Tool  Gauge. 

1  4-in.  x  28-ft.  Stem. 

1  4-in.  x  10-ft.  Sinker. 

1  5-in.  D  S  Casing  Hook. 

1  Set  5% -in.  x  8-in.  Stroke  Jars. 

1  e^-in.  Under-reamer. 

1  Extra  Set  Cutters. 

1  5-in.  x  20-ft.  B.  &  D.  Bailer. 

1  Set  4-in.  250-lb.  Tool  Wrenches. 

1  6!/4-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 

1  61/4  x  12  x  %-in.  Baker  Shoe. 

or 

1  6%  x  12  x  %-m-  Common  Casing  Shoe. 
1  Set  4-in.   (6  x  6  x  22-in.  material)   Drive  Clamps. 
IDC  Wrench  for  above. 
1  Extra  Set  D  C  Bolts. 

1  Set  6i4-in.  Fairs  Mannington  Imp.  Elevators. 
1  Set  61/4-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 
1  Set  2%  x  33/4—7  4-in.  sq.  Box  and  Pin  Joints. 

DERRICK  TOOLS: 

1  No.  4  Star  Blower. 
1  No.  3  Comb  Pipe  Vise. 
1  250-lb.  Anvil. 


56        OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

1  Comb  Dressing  Block  for  Under-reamer  Cutters. 

1  No.  7  Little  Giant  Screw  Plate. 

1  No.  1  A  Toledo  Ratchet  Pipe  Stock  and  Dies,  1  in.  to  2  in. 

1  No.  2  Mall  Pipe  Stock  and  Dies,  14  in.  to  1  in. 

1  No.  2  Barnes  Pipe  Cutter  and  6  Extra  Wheels. 

1  No.  4  Barnes  Pipe  Cutter  and  6  Extra  Wheels. 

1  No.  13  Vulcan  Chain  Tong. 

1  No.  15  Vulcan  Chain  Tong. 

1  No.  16  Vulcan  Chain  Tong. 

1  Set  Extra  Jaws,  Bolts  and  Chains  for  above. 

1  Portable  B  S  Forge. 

1  Set  B  S  Swages,  Flatters  and  Hardies. 

1  20-in.  S.  L.  Tongs. 

1  20-in.  C.  L.  Tongs. 

1  22-in.  Pick-up  Tongs. 

1  12-lb.  Sledge  and  Handle. 

1  14-lb.  Sledge  and  Handle. 

3  0.  K.  Derrick  Hatchets. 

1  Set  2-in.  Crumbie  Tongs  and  Extra  Dies. 

1  Set  2%-in.  Crumbie  Tongs  and  Extra  Dies. 

1  12-in.  Eng.  Combination  Wrench. 

1  15-in.  Eng.  Combination  Wrench. 

1  8-in.  Stillson  Wrench. 

1  14-in.  Stillson  Wrench. 

1  18-in.  Stillson  Wrench. 

1  24-in.  Stillson  Wrench. 

1  L.  H.  R.  P.  Shovel. 

1  No.  3  Steel  Square. 

1  Plumb  and  Level. 

1  5-ft.  One-man  Crosscut  Saw. 

1  26-in.  Disston  Hand  Saw. 

1  Saw  Set  for  Crosscut  Saw. 

1  Saw  Set  for  Hand  Saw. 

1  R.  R.  Pick  and  Handle. 

1  Mattock  and  Handle. 

1  12-in.  Ratchet  Brace. 

1  Set  ^-in.  to  1-in.  Auger  Bits. 

1  10-in.  Single  Wood  Tackle  Block. 

1  10-in.  Double  Wood  Tackle  Block. 

1*  10-in.  Triple  Wood  Tackle  Block. 

1  %-in.  x  36-in.  Ship  Auger. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        57 

1  1-in.  x  36-in.  Ship  Auger. 
1  l^-in.  x  36-in.  Ship  Auger. 
1  iy2-in.  x  36-in.  Ship  Auger. 
1  No.  2  Pratt  Auger  Handle. 
1  Adj.  Hack  Saw  Frame. 
1  Doz.  12-in.  Hack  Saw  Blades. 
1  No.  5  Iron  Jack  Plane. 
100  Ibs.  No.  4  Babbitt. 
1  6-in.  Babbitt  Ladle. 
1  Yd.  1/16-in.  Red  Sheet  Packing. 
1  Yd.  Vs-in.  C  I  Sheet  Packing. 
1  Yd.  Vs-in-  Asbestos  Sheet  Packing. 

5  Lbs.  Flake  Graphite. 

10  Lbs.  Italian  Hemp  Packing. 

6  12-in.  M  B  Files. 
6  14-in.  F  B  Files. 

6  14-in.  H  R  B  Files. 
12  6-in.  S  T  Files. 
1  D  B  Axe  and  Handle. 

1  S  B  Axe  and  Handle. 

12     5-in.  Hay  Fork  Pulleys. 

2  Cold  Splitting  Chisels. 
2  Hot  Splitting  Chisels. 
2  Punches. 

2  Hand  Cold  Chisels. 

2  Diamond  Point  Chisels. 

1  A.  E.  Nail  Hammer. 

1  No.  4  Broad  Axe. 

1  Clark's  Large  Expansive  Bit. 

1  No.  14  Belt  Punch. 

1  Grindstone  and  Frame. 

1  B.  S.  Post  Drill  and  Set  Drill  Bits,  %-in.  to  1-m. 

2  W.  P.  Crowbars. 

2  No.  2  0.  B.  P.  Machine  Hammers. 

6  Extra  56-in.  Sledge  Handles. 

6  Extra  34-in.  Pick  Handles. 

6  Extra  36-in.  Axe  Handles. 

6  Extra  18-in.  Hatchet  Handles. 

6  Extra  18-in.  Hammer  Handles. 

6  Extra  18-in.  Derrick  Hatchet  Handles. 

1  Set  Front  and  Rear  Casing  Wagons. 

2  3-in.  x  18-in.  Jackscrews. 


58        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

1  Draw  Knife. 

12  12-in.  Strap  Hinges. 

12  12-in.  Hinge  Hasps  and  Staples. 

2  Yale  Padlocks. 

2  Bars  %-in.  Rd.  Iron. 
2  Bars  %-in.  Ed.  Iron. 
2  Bars  %-in.  Rd.  Iron. 
2  Bars  1-in.  Rd.  Iron. 
2  Bars  %-in.  Oct.  Tool  Steel,  Asst.  Nuts  and  Washers. 

1  50-ft.  Steel  Tape. 

2  3-in.  Flue  Cleaners. 

1  3-in.  Flue  Expander. 

2  No.  4  Zinc  Oilers. 

1  No.  13  Coppersized  Steel  Oiler. 
4  No.  2  Cold  Blast  Lanterns. 

12  Extra  Globes  and  Wicks. 

2  Calking  Tools. 

50  Lbs.  White  Waste. 

1  5-lb.  Can  Cup  Grease. 
10  Gals.  Engine  Oil. 
10  Gals.  Cylinder  Oil. 
FISHING  TOOLS: 

(All  joints  2%  x  33/4—7  I.  &  H.  4-in.  sq.) 
1  Set  5i4-in.  x  36-in.  Stroke  Jars. 
1  Combination  Socket  for  G^-in.  hole  with  Bowl  for  S^-in.  hole, 

slips  to  catch  rope  socket  neck. 
1  Combination  Socket  for  10-in.  hole  with  Bowl  for  121/4-in.,  slips 

to  catch  rope  socket  neck. 
1  Slip  Socket  for    G^-in.,  with  2  sets  slips. 
1  Slip  Socket  for    Sy^-m.,  with  2  sets  slips. 
1  Slip  Socket  for  10-in.,     with  2  sets  slips. 
1  Slip  Socket  with  long  Reins  for  S^-in.  hole,  with  Bowl  for  10-in. 

and  2  sets  slips. 

1  Horn  Socket  for  814-in.  hole,  with  10-in.  Bowl. 
1  Boot  Jack  for  Sy^-m.  hole,  with  10-in.  Bowl. 
1  Rope  Spear. 
1  2-Prong  Rope  Grab. 
1  Horse  Show  Trip  Knife,  complete. 
1  Wire  Rope  Knife,  with  Hards  and  B.  B.  Swivel 
1  12M>-in.  C.  S.  Fluted  Swedge. 
1  10-     in.  C.  S.  Fluted  Swedge. 
1     8i/4-in.  C.  S.  Fluted  Swedge. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        39 

1     6i4-in.  C.  S.  Fluted  Swedge. 

1  Bit  Hook. 

1  8i4-in.  x  8-ft  Single  Spud. 

1  12%-in.  Henderson  Trip  Casing  Spear. 

1  10     -in. Henderson  Trip  Casing  Spear. 

1     8!/4-in.  Henderson  Trip  Casing  Spear. 

1     G^-in.  Henderson  Trip  Casing  Spear. 

1  12i/2-in.  Casing  Cutter  with  Extra  Set  Cutters. 

1  10     -in.  Casing  Cutter  with  Extra  Set  Cutters. 

1     81,4-in.  Casing  Cutter  with  Extra  Set  Cutters. 

1     Gi/4-in.  Casing  Cutter  with  Extra  Set  Cutters. 

1  2-in.  x  12-ft.  B  B  Jar  Bumper. 

1  12i/2-in.  Forged  Steel  M.  &  F.  Nipple. 

1  10     -in.  Forged  Steel  M.  &  F.  Nipple. 

1     8i4-in.  Forged  Steel  M.  &  F.  Nipple. 

1     6i4-in.  Forged  Steel  M.  &  F.  Nipple. 

1  121/2-in.  Case  Hardened  Nipples. 

1  10     -in.  Case  Hardened  Nipples. 

1     S^-in.  Case  Hardened  Nipples. 

1     614-in.  Case  Hardened  Nipples. 

1  121/2-in.  x  10-in.  Swedge  Nipple. 

1  10     -in.  x    S^-in.  Swedge  Nipple. 

1     S^-in.  x     G^-in.  Swedge  Nipple. 


60        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 


ROTARY    DRILLING    EQUIPMENT. 

1  Rotary  complete,  with  Screw  Wrench,  4  Extra  Spacing  Wash- 
ers and  two  Quick-Opening  Wrenches. 

1  6-in.  Mogul  Extra  Heavy  Hoisting  Drum,  including  Clutch, 
Sprockets,  Bearing  Boxes,  Set  Collar,  Brake  Levers,  Bolts 
and  Brake  Band. 

1  3  15/16  x  12-ft.  Mogul  Line  Shaft,  complete  with  Bearings, 

Set  Collar,  Sprockets,  Cat  Heads,  Post  Bolts  and  Keys. 
3  Oak  Posts  for  setting  up. 

2  6-in.  Mogul  Superior  Loose  Bail  Hydraulic  Swivels,  with  Span- 

ner Wrench. 

2  21/2  x  6-ply  30-ft.  Wire  Wound  Rotary  Drilling  Hose. 
2  Set  21/o-in.  Hose  Couplings  and  Clamps. 
1  1%  x  4-ply  25-ft.  Rubber  Derrick  Hose. 
1  12-in.  Mogul  5-Pulley  Steel  Adjustable  Crown  Block. 
1  44-in.  4-Sheave  Extra  Heavy  Bronze  Bushed  Self  Oiling  Steel 

Block. 

1  3-in.Rd.  Iron^C"  Hook. 
1  6-in.  D.  S.  Casing  Hook. 
1  12  x  12,  30-h.p.  Steam  Drilling  Engine,  complete. 

1  2-qt.  C.  I.  Lubricator. 

2  10  x  5%  x  12  Mogul  Duplex  Pumps. 

1  40-h.p.  Canadian  type  Boiler,  complete  with  fixtures. 

1  "C"  Penberthy  Injector. 

1  6x4x6  Duplex  Boiler  Feed  Pump. 

1  6-in.  Steel  Slide  Tong. 

1  81/4-in.  Steel  Slide  Tong. 

1  10-in.  Steel  Slide  Tong. 

1  12i/2-in.  Steel  Slide  Tong. 

1  15i/2-in.  Steel  Slide  Tong. 

1  Set   6-in.   Fairs  Mannington   Improved   Elevator   with   44-in. 

Bails. 

1  Set  81/4-in.  Fairs  Man.  Imp.  Elevators  with  2i/4-in.  Lines. 
1  Set  10-in.  Fairs  Man.  Imp.  Elevators  with  21/4-in.  Lines. 
1  Set  12%-in.  Fairs  Man.  Imp.  Elevators  with  21/4-in.  Lines. 

1  Set  ISV-j-in.  Fairs  Man.  Imp.  Elevators  with  21/4-in.  Lines. 

2  No.  13  Vulcan  Chain  Tongs. 
2  No.  15  Vulcan  Chain  Tongs. 
2  No.  16  Vulcan  Chain  Tongs. 

2  Set  extra  Chains,  Jaws  and  Bolts  for  above. 


OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        61 

40  6-in.  Rotary  Tool  Joints,  5  x  6 — 7  Pin  and  Box. 
26x5  Forged  Steel  Swivel  Bushings. 
26x4  Forged  Steel  Swivel  Bushings. 
2  6  x  81/4-in.  C  C  Steel  Water  Head  Bushings. 
2  6  x  10-in.  C  C  Steel  Water  Head  Bushings. 
2  6  x  12i/2-in.  C  C  Steel  Water  Head  Bushings. 

2  6  x  15i/2-in.  C  C  Steel  Water  Head  Bushings. 
1  6-in.  Tool  Steel  Saw  Tooth  Rotary  Shoe. 

1  8%-in.  Tool  Steel  Saw  Tooth  Rotary  Shoe. 

1  10-in.  Tool  Steel  Saw  Tooth  Rotary  Shoe. 

1  S^-in.  x  16-in.  Special  Mogul  Drive  Shoe. 

1  10-in.  x  16-in.  Special  Mogul  Drive  Shoe. 

1  12%-in.  x  16-in.  Special  Mogul  Drive  Shoe. 

6  18-in.  x  6-in.  Fish  Tail  Bits,  5  x  6—7  Pin. 

8  14-in.  x  6-in.  Fish  Tail  Bits,  5  x  6—7  Pin. 

12  12%-in.  x  6-in.  Fish  Tail  Bits,  5  x  6—7  Pin. 

12  11%-in.  x  6-in.  Fish  Tail  Bits,  5  x  6—7  Pin. 

3  6  x  6  x  36-in.  Offset  Steel  Drilling  Collars  to  fit  6-in.  Drill 

Stem  and  5  x  6 — 7  Bit. 
80  Ft.  S  S  40  Special  Steel  Chain. 
20  Ft.  S  S  124  Special  Steel  Chain. 
300  Ft.  l^-in.  Manila  Rope  for  Cat  Line. 
1000  Ft.  %  x  19  Steel  Rope  for  Hoisting. 
3000  Ft.  9/16  x  7  Steel  Rope  for  Bailing. 
6  %  Wire  Rope  Clips. 
6  9/16  Wire  Rope  Clips. 

1  6-in.  Parker  Releasing  Spear,  with  Trip  Device. 
1  10-in.  Kamerer  Over  Shot  to  catch  6-in. 

1  Mogul  Reversible  Tong  with  Jaws  for  6-in.  Drill  Stem,  6-in. 
Tool  Joints  and  8%,  10,  12i/2,  15%  Casing. 

FITTINGS  TO  CONNECT  UP  PUMP  AND  ENGINE. 

1  Parker  Valve  Trap. 

2  Plain  Oil  Country  Lubricators. 
2  2-in.  I.  B.  B.  W.  Stop  Cocks. 

1  1-in.  I.  B.  B.  W.  Stop  Cocks. 

2  3-in.  B.  B.  B.  M.  Gate  Valves. 

4  2-in.  Brass  Joint  Flange  Unions. 

2  2Vi>-in.  Brass  Joint  Flange  Unions. 
41x4  Nipples. 
122x6  Nipples. 


62        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

6  21/2  x  6  Nipples. 
10  3  x  6  Nipples. 

3  3  x  10  Nipples. 
36x5  Swedge  Nipples. 
34x3  Swedge  Nipples. 

2  6-in.  x  10-ft.  Pump  Suction  Pipe. 
200  Ft.  2-in.  Pipe  for  Steam  Connections. 
40  Ft.  2i/2-in.  Pipe  for  Stand  Pipe. 
12  2-in.  C.  I.  Elbows. 

4  2i/2-in.  C.  I.  Elbows. 

5  3-in.  C.  I.  Elbows. 
2  6-in.  C.  I.  Elbows. 

2  6-in.  Foot  Valves  and  Strainers. 

3  2-in.  Brass  Globe  Valves. 

2  2i/2-in.  Q.  0.  I  B  Gate  Valves. 

6  2-in.  C.  I.  Tees. 
6  2-in.  C.  I.  Plugs. 

EXTRA    ROTARY    PARTS. 

1  Mogul  Rotary  Pinion. 

1  Set  (4)  Tool  Steel  Grip  Eings. 

2  Rotary  Screws  and  Nuts. 
1  Rotary  Clutch. 

1  Rotary  Clutch  Sprocket. 

EXTRA  LINE  SHAFT  PARTS. 

1  11  Tooth  Sprocket. 

1  12  Tooth  Sprocket. 

1  24  Tooth  Sprocket. 

1  30  Tooth  Sprocket. 

6  Extra  Keys. 

1  15  Tooth  Engine  Sprocket. 
80  Ft.  No.  S  S  40  Special  Steel  Chain. 
20  Ft.  No.  S  S  124  Special  Steel  Chain. 

EXTRA  SWIVEL   PARTS. 

1  Set   (2)  Alloy  Steel  Ground  Swivel  Cone  Plates. 

1  Set  (12)  Alloy  Steel  Ground  Swivel  Cones. 

1  Bottom  Hose  Stem  Glands. 

1  Hose  Stem  with  Centre  Ball  Race. 

1  Set  Outer  Ball  Races  for  Hose  Stem. 


OIL  PROSPECTING.  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION        63 

1  Set  Hose  Stem  Balls. 

1  Gooseneck,  complete. 

1  Bottom  Swivel  for  6-in.  Drill  Stem. 

1  Set  Extra  6-in.  Slips  for  Spears. 

2  21/0  x  6-ply  30  ft.  Wire  Wound  Rotary  Drill  Hose. 
2  Extra  Sets  Hose  Clamps. 

2  Extra   Sets  Hose   Stems. 

LIST     OF    STANDARD     TOOLS,     WHICH,     ADDED     TO 
ROTARY  OUTFIT,  COMPLETES  A  COMBI- 
NATION   OUTFIT. 

RIG  IRONS: 

1  Set   6-in.   x   7-ft.    6-in.   Ex.    Heavy   California   Rig   Irons   with 

patent  Calf  Wheel  Attachment  and  D  D  Sand  Reel. 
1  Set  Double  Tug  Cants,  complete. 
1  Set  Rig  Iron  Bolts  and  Washer  Guy  Wires. 
65  Ft.  S  S  40  Chain. 
ENGINE  AND  BOILER  : 

1  12  x  12  30-h.p.  Steam  Drilling  Engine,  complete. 
1  12  x  6-ply  90-ft.  Rubber  Belt. 

3  Pr.  12-in.  Belt  Clamps. 
1  2-qt.  C.  I.  Lubricator. 

1  150-ft.  Telegraph  Cord. 

2  Telegraph  Wheels. 
CORDAGE  AND  WIRE  LINES: 

1  21/4-in.  x  1000-ft.  Manila  Cable,  Est.  Wt.  2800  Ibs. 

2  2i/2-in.  x  90  Bull  Ropes,  Est.  Wt.  400  Ibs. 
300  Ft.  3/4-in.  Manila  Rope,  Est.  Wt.  75  Ibs. 
300  Ft.  1-in.  Manila  Rope,  Est.  Wt.  120  Ibs. 

350  Ft.  114  Hard  Lay  Manila  Rope  for  Band  Wheel  Lagging. 
1   3500  x  0/16  Sand  Line. 
1   1  x  3500-ft.   Artilling  Cable. 
LARGE  STRING  DRILLING  TOOLS: 

(All  joints  314  x  41/4—7  I  &  H  5  in.  Sq.) 

1  151/,-in.  x  6  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  1250  Ibs. 

2  12yL,-in.  x  6  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  2000  Ibs. 
2  10-in.  x  6-ft.  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  1200  Ibs. 
2  8i4-in.  x  6-ft.  All-Steel  Drilling  Bit,  Est.  Wt.  1200  Ibs. 
1   Set  Tool  Gauges  for  above. 

1  5-in.  x  30-ft.  Stem. 
1  5-in.  x  10-ft.  Sinker. 


64        OIL  PROSPECTING,  DRILLING  AND  EXTRACTION 

2  Sets  6i4-in.  x  8-in.  Stroke  Jars. 

1  Set  61/4-in.  x  8-in.  Stroke  Jars,  24-in.  Head. 

2  2i/2  New  Era  Rope  Socket. 

2  1-in.  Solid  Wire  Rope  Socket. 

1  12i/2-in.  Under-reamer. 

1  10-in.  Under-reamer   (2  Extra  Springs). 

1  81,4-in.  Under-reamer   (2  Extra  Springs). 

6  Extra  Set  each  size  Cutters  for  above  and  Keys. 

1  Set  3%  x  414—7  5-in.  Sq.  Box  and  Pin  Joints. 

1  Sub  31/4  x  414—7  Box  to  234,  334— 1  Pin. 

1  Sub  23/4  x  33/4—7  Box  to  31/4  x  41/4—7  Pin. 

1  11-in.  x  19-ft.  B.  &  D.  Bailer. 

1  9-in.  x  20-ft  B.  &  D.  Bailer. 

1  7-in.  x  20-ft.  B.  &  D.  Bailer. 

1  Set  5-in.  400-lb.  Tool  Wrenches. 

1  Spider,  Liner  and  Slips  for  15i/2-in.,  12i/4-in.,  10-in.,  SVl-in. 

1  15!/2-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 

1  12%-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 

1  10-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 

1  8i4-in.  x  16-in.  Drop  Drive  Head. 

1  Set  5-in.  (6  x  6  x  22-in.  Material)   Drive  Clamps. 

1  D.  C.  Wrench  for  above. 

1  Set  Extra  D.  C.  Bolts. 

1  No.  2  Barrett  Jack  &  Circle  complete  with  extra  Handle. 

1  2-in.  x  6-ft.  B.  B.  Temper  Screw  with  2%  Manila  Rope  Clamp. 

1  %-in-  Wire  Rope  Temper  Screw  Clamp. 

2  1-in.  Wire  Rope  Temper  Screw  Clamps. 

1  5-in.  Barrett  Swivel  Wrench  with  4-in.  Bushings. 
1  Set  12i/2  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 
1  Set  10-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 

1  Set  81/4-in.  x  1  x  8  Anchor  Casing  Clamps. 

2  12-in.  Steel  Snatch  Blocks. 

1  0.  K.  Spudding  Shoe. 

2  No.  14  Belt  Punches. 


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